Society at a Glance: Asia/Pacific 2022

Confidence in institutions

A cohesive society is one where citizens have confidence in national (and sub-national) level institutions and believe that social and economic institutions are not subjected to corruption. Confidence and corruption issues are dimensions that are strongly related to the societal trust.

Confidence in the national government is higher in the Asia/Pacific region than among OECD countries (Figure 6.4): Australians, Japanese, Koreans and New Zealanders have less confidence in their national governments than their Asian/Pacific peers. Confidence in national government seems lowest in Georgia, Korea and Mongolia. In about half of the countries, about 70% of the population has confidence in its national government, and this is over 90% for the populations in Singapore, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. On average, confidence in national government is similar for youth and the rest of the adult population, but young people in Hong Kong, China have far less confidence in their government than older Hong Kong residents.

On average, across the Asia/Pacific region, confidence in the national government has changed little over the last decade, but there is a large variation in trends across countries (Figure 6.4). Trust in government declined by more than 20 percentage points in Hong Kong, China and Sri Lanka. By contrast, trust in the national government increased among the population of Indonesia, Japan and the Philippines.

Even though there is still considerable variation across countries, dispersion in the level of confidence in national government seems to have slightly declined in the Asia/Pacific region at the beginning of the pandemic (Figure 6.5). The minimum level observed in confidence in the national government increased by 10 percentage points between 2019 and 2020.

In richer countries, people tend to perceive relatively low levels of corruption in government (Figure 6.6). Communities in Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong (China) and especially Singapore are perceived to have the lowest levels of corruption, whereas close to or over 80% of people in Kyrgyzstan and Indonesia think corruption in government is widespread.

Data and measurement

Data on confidence in institutions was taken from the Gallup World Poll, which is conducted in more than 150 countries around the world, and based on a common questionnaire, as translated into the predominant languages of each country. With few exceptions, all samples are probability based and nationally representative of the resident population aged 15 years and over in the entire country, including rural areas. While this ensures a high degree of comparability across countries, results may be affected by sampling and non-sampling error, and variation in response rates. Hence, results should be interpreted with care. These probability surveys are valid within a statistical margin of error, also called a 95% confidence interval. This means that if the survey were conducted 100 times using the exact same procedures, the margin of error would include the “true value” in 95 out of 100 surveys. Sample sizes vary across countries from 1 000 to 4 000, and as the surveys use a clustered sample design the margin of error varies by question. The margin of error declines with increasing sample size: with a sample size of 1 000, the margin of error at a 95% confidence interval is 0.98/$\sqrt{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{z}\mathrm{e}}$ or 3%; with a sample size of 4 000, this is 1.5%. To minimise the effect of annual fluctuations in responses related to small sample sizes, results are averaged over a three‑year period, or two‑year period in case of missing data. If only one observation in a three‑year period is available, this finding is not reported.

Data on national government confidence and financial institutions are based on binary questions: “Do you have confidence in each of the following: In the national government? In financial institutions or banks?”

Data on corruption perception are based on the binary question: “Is corruption widespread throughout the government in this country, or not?”

Figure 6.4. Confidence in national governments is higher in the Asia/Pacific region than in OECD countries

Source: Gallup (2021), Gallup World Poll, http://www.gallup.com; World Bank (2021), World Development Indicators, https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.

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Figure 6.5. Minimum level of confidence in national government increased in Asia/Pacific at the beginning of the pandemic

Note: Data refer to countries for which data are available for both years.

Source: Gallup (2021), Gallup World Poll, http://www.gallup.com.

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Figure 6.6. Corruption is perceived to be lower in richer countries

Source: Gallup (2021), Gallup World Poll, http://www.gallup.com; OECD (2021), OECD National Accounts, https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=NAAG; World Bank (2021), World Development Indicators, https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.

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