[109] 24 KG (2022), Ministry for Emergency Situations allocated 8 billion soms for food procurement (МЧС выделили 8 миллиардов сомов на закупку продуктов питания), https://24.kg/ekonomika/228438_mchs_vyidelili_8milliardov_somov_nazakupku_produktov_pitaniya/ (accessed on 2 May 2022).
[146] 24 KG (2022), South Korea increases employment quota for Kyrgyz nationals (Южная Корея увеличила квоту для трудоустройства граждан Кыргызстана), https://24.kg/obschestvo/229251_yujnaya_koreya_uvelichila_kvotu_dlya_trudoustroystva_grajdan_kyirgyizstana/ (accessed on 28 April 2022).
[47] ADB (2022), Asian Development Outlook (ADO) 2022 Update: Entrepreneurship in the Digital Age, https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/825166/ado2022-update.pdf (accessed on 12 October 2022).
[113] ADB (2021), Middle Corridor - Policy Development and Trade Potential of the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route, https://www.adb.org/publications/middle-corridor-policy-development-trade-potential.
[125] ADB (2020), Five Keys to Expanding Central Asia’s Global Value Chains, https://blogs.adb.org/blog/five-keys-to-expanding-central-asia-global-value-chains (accessed on 17 May 2022).
[79] ADB (2020), Uzbekistan: Quality Job Creation as a Cornerstone for Sustainable Economic Growth, https://www.adb.org/publications/uzbekistan-job-creation-economic-growth.
[99] AidData (2021), Banking on the Belt and Road, https://docs.aiddata.org/ad4/pdfs/Banking_on_the_Belt_and_Road__Insights_from_a_new_global_dataset_of_13427_Chinese_development_projects.pdf.
[139] Alfa-Bank (2022), Center Credit Bank buys Alfa-Bank Kazakhstan, https://alfabank.kz/footer/press/news?post_id=2011 (accessed on 19 May 2022).
[144] Asia Plus (2022), Tajik government instructed to speed up IMF loan process (авительство Таджикистана поручило ускорить процесс получения кредита МВФ), https://asiaplustj.info/ru/news/tajikistan/economic/20220415/pravitelstvo-tadzhikistana-poruchilo-uskorit-protsess-polucheniya-kredita-mvf (accessed on 2 May 2022).
[106] Asia Plus (2022), This is just a rebuff. Tajik experts criticise government anti-crisis plan (Это просто отписка. Таджикские эксперты раскритиковали антикризисный план правительства), https://www.asiaplustj.info/ru/news/tajikistan/economic/20220426/eto-prosto-otpiska-tadzhikskie-eksperti-raskritikovali-antikrizisnii-plan-pravitelstva (accessed on 3 May 2022).
[111] Asia Plus (2022), Will prices be contained, the poor supported? (Цены сдержат, бедных – поддержат?), https://asiaplustj.info/ru/news/tajikistan/economic/20220422/tseni-sderzhat-bednih-podderzhat (accessed on 5 May 2022).
[158] Asian Development Bank (2022), Asian Development Outlook 2022 Update: Entreprenuership in the Digital Age, Asian Development Bank, https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/825166/ado2022-update.pdf.
[81] Asia-Plus (2022), How many migrants returned from Russia in the first three months of 2022?.
[30] BBC (2022), Russia faces brain drain as thousands flee abroad, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60697763.
[6] BIS (2022), Statistics Explorer (database), https://stats.bis.org/statx/srs/table/A6.1 (accessed on 6 April 2022).
[8] Bulatov, A. (2017), “Offshore orientation of Russian Federation FDI”, Transnational Corporations, https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/journals/2076099x/24/2/5.
[57] Bureau of National Statistics (2022), Statistics of prices (database), https://stat.gov.kz/official/industry/26/statistic/7 (accessed on 10 May 2022).
[83] CABAR (2022), The Impact of Partial Military Mobilization in Russia on the Countries of Central Asia, https://cabar.asia/en/the-impact-of-partial-military-mobilization-in-russia-on-the-countries-of-central-asia?_utl_t=ln.
[82] Carnegie (2022), “Russia’s Mass Exodus Is Forcing Its Neighbors to Get Off the Fence”, Carnegie, https://carnegieendowment.org/politika/88095.
[97] Center for Global Development (2018), Examining the Debt Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative from a Policy Perspective, https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/examining-debt-implications-belt-and-road-initiative-policy-perspective.pdf.
[32] Central Bank of Ireland (2022), Changes to the Russia/Ukraine Regulations as of 21 April 2022, https://www.centralbank.ie/regulation/how-we-regulate/international-financial-sanctions/changes-to-the-russia-ukraine-regulations (accessed on 12 April 2022).
[20] Central Bank of Russia (2022), Bank of Russia increases the key rate to 20% p.a., https://www.cbr.ru/eng/press/pr/?file=28022022_094500Key_eng.htm (accessed on 12 April 2022).
[21] Central Bank of Russia (2022), Banking Sector Liquidity and Financial Markets, https://www.cbr.ru/Collection/Collection/File/40956/LB_2022-72-73_e.pdf.
[12] Central Bank of Russia (2022), Cross-Border Transfers of Individuals (Residents and Nonresidents) (database), https://www.cbr.ru/eng/hd_base/tg/ (accessed on 5 April 2022).
[100] China-Africa Research Initiative (2022), Global Debt Relief Dashboard, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, http://www.sais-cari.org/debt-relief (accessed on 24 May 2022).
[31] De Nederlandsche Bank (2022), What do the sanctions against the Central Bank of Russia mean?, https://www.dnb.nl/en/general-news/2022/what-do-the-sanctions-against-the-central-bank-of-russia-mean/ (accessed on 11 April 2022).
[154] EBRD (2022), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, https://www.ebrd.com/news/2022/central-asia-shows-great-resilience-to-geopolitical-turmoil-.html.
[7] EBRD (2022), In the Shadow of the War: The Economic Fallout from the War on Ukraine, Regional Economic Update March 2022, https://www.ebrd.com/rep-ukraine-war-310322.pdf.
[94] EBRD (2022), Regional Economic Prospects May 2022: The Return of Runaway Prices, https://www.ebrd.com/documents/comms-and-bis/regional-economic-prospects-may-2022.pdf.
[45] EBRD (2022), Regional Economic Prospects: A cold winter ahead?.
[150] EBRD (2022), Regional Economic Update March 2022, https://www.ebrd.com/rep-ukraine-war-310322.pdf.
[15] Economist Intelligence Unit (2022), “EU agrees eighth sanction package against Russia”, EIU, https://viewpoint.eiu.com/analysis/article/1712481554/?utm_source=mkt-newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Intelligence-today-12/10/2022&utm_term=read-more&utm_content=anchor-5&mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGHacDcXX28YNB-Hx7s632nVOHWIpcg5nY9Iqy7T7P0jf54gE (accessed on 12 October 2022).
[74] EIU (2022), Egypt moves closer to Russia, https://viewpoint.eiu.com/analysis/article/932479876?utm_source=mkt-newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Intelligence-today-17/10/2022&utm_term=read-more&utm_content=anchor-5&mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGHg4CMPN0ViVJYS6sZJHeWasrwnlrNmE1dY_R7LpCPqNFyCyYy.
[27] EIU (2022), EU agrees eigth sanctions package against Russia, https://viewpoint.eiu.com/analysis/article/1712481554/?utm_source=mkt-newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Intelligence-today-12/10/2022&utm_term=read-more&utm_content=anchor-5&mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGHacDcXX28YNB-Hx7s632nVOHWIpcg5nY9Iqy7T7P0jf54gE.
[73] EIU (2022), Kazakhstan commits to complying with sanctions on Russia, https://viewpoint.eiu.com/analysis/article/202471803.
[28] Energy Monitor (2022), Can Russia pivot its energy market away from Europe and towards Asia?, https://www.energymonitor.ai/sectors/russia-pivot-energy-market-europe-asia.
[123] Espitia, E. (2022), Widespread food insecurity is not inevitable: Avoid escalating food export curbs, https://voxeu.org/article/widespread-food-insecurity-not-inevitable-avoid-escalating-food-export-curbs (accessed on 11 May 2022).
[86] EUAA (2022), Russia as a Country of Origin, https://euaa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/2022-06/2022_06_CIR_Russia_Origin_EN.pdf.
[149] Eurasianet (2022), Perspectives | Standards, more than infrastructure, hobble Central Asia trade, https://eurasianet.org/perspectives-standards-more-than-infrastructure-hobble-central-asia-trade (accessed on 3 May 2022).
[76] Eurasianet (2022), Sanctioned Russian banks seeking way out of Kazakhstan, https://eurasianet.org/sanctioned-russian-banks-seeking-way-out-of-kazakhstan.
[112] Eurasianet (2022), Turkey and Central Asia: Ukraine war will strengthen ties, https://eurasianet.org/perspectives-turkey-and-central-asia-ukraine-war-will-strengthen-ties (accessed on 6 May 2022).
[75] Eurasianet (2022), Uzbekistan: Sanctions against Russia scotch bank buyout, https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-sanctions-against-russia-scotch-bank-buyout.
[95] Eurasianet (2021), Kazakh food exports to China plummet, https://eurasianet.org/kazakh-food-exports-to-china-plummet (accessed on 10 April 2022).
[36] EUR-Lex (2022), Consolidated text: Council Regulation (EU) No 269/2014 of 17 March 2014 concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02014R0269-20220315 (accessed on 12 April 2022).
[37] European Commission (2022), Deposits - FAQ, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/business_economy_euro/banking_and_finance/documents/faqs-sanctions-russia-deposits_en.pdf (accessed on 8 June 2022).
[13] European Commission (2022), EU sanctions against Russia explained, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/restrictive-measures-against-russia-over-ukraine/sanctions-against-russia-explained/#banking (accessed on 11 April 2022).
[135] European Commission (2022), Russia’s war on Ukraine: EU adopts sixth package of sanctions against Russia, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_22_2802 (accessed on 7 June 2022).
[33] European Commission (2022), Sanctions adopted following Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/banking-and-finance/international-relations/restrictive-measures-sanctions/sanctions-adopted-following-russias-military-aggression-against-ukraine_en (accessed on 12 April 2022).
[16] European Council (2022), Timeline - EU restrictive measures against Russia over Ukraine, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/restrictive-measures-against-russia-over-ukraine/history-restrictive-measures-against-russia-over-ukraine/ (accessed on 12 October 2022).
[40] European Council on Foreign Relations (2022), Give and tech: How technology sanctions can help counter the threat from Russia, https://ecfr.eu/article/give-and-tech-how-technology-sanctions-can-help-counter-the-threat-from-russia/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
[3] FAO (2022), Food balances 2010–2019, https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb9574en/.
[117] FAO (2008), National Policy Responses to High Food Prices, https://www.fao.org/economic/es-policybriefs/briefs-detail/es/?no_cache=1&uid=21524 (accessed on 10 May 2022).
[128] Foreign Policy (2022), Foreign Policy: Analyses, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/10/04/russia-putin-mobilization-central-asia-conscripts-flee/ (accessed on 14 October 2022).
[156] Global Times (2022), Global Times: Economy, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202206/1268601.shtml (accessed on 13 October 2022).
[157] Government of Kazakhstan (2022), ““The Cabinet of Ministers does not sit on suitcases.” Big interview with Prime Minister Alikhan Smailov”, TengriNews, https://tengrinews.kz/article/kabmin-chemodanah-ne-sidit-bolshoe-intervyu-premera-alihana-1821/.
[143] Government of Kazakhstan (2022), Joint Statement of the Government and the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Tenge Deposit Protection Programme (Совместное заявление Правительства и Национального Банка Республики Казахстан по Программе защиты тенговых вкладов), https://primeminister.kz/ru/news/sovmestnoe-zayavlenie-pravitelstva-i-nacionalnogo-banka-respubliki-kazahstan-po-programme-zashchity-tengovyh-vkladov-2411111 (accessed on 15 March 2022).
[85] Government of Kyrgyzstan (2022), The Law “On the Park of Creative Industries” was signed, https://www.president.kg/ru/sobytiya/novosti/23072_podpisan_zakon_o_parke_kreativnih_industriy.
[84] Government of Uzbekistan (2022), Uzbekistan to introduce IT-visas for foreign specialists, https://itvisa.uz/ (accessed on 20 May 2022).
[80] Hashimova, U. (2022), Are Central Asian Migrant Workers Ready to Leave Russia?, https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/are-central-asian-migrant-workers-ready-to-leave-russia/ (accessed on 20 May 2022).
[137] Hess, M. (2022), https://eurasianet.org/perspectives-does-a-russian-bank-merit-a-sanctions-waiver-for-central-asia, https://eurasianet.org/perspectives-does-a-russian-bank-merit-a-sanctions-waiver-for-central-asia (accessed on 17 May 2022).
[9] IMF (2022), Inward Direct Investment Positions (database), https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=60564262 (accessed on 30 July 2022).
[49] IMF (2022), Kazakhstan: Staff Concluding Statement of the 2022 Article IV Mission, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2022/10/07/mcs101022-kazakhstan-staff-concluding-statement-of-the-2022-article-iv-mission.
[77] IMF (2022), Kazakhstan: Staff Concluding Statement of the 2022 Article IV Mission, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2022/10/07/mcs101022-kazakhstan-staff-concluding-statement-of-the-2022-article-iv-mission.
[122] IMF (2022), Regional Economic Outlook - Divergent Recoveries in Turbulent Times, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/REO/MECA/Issues/2022/04/25/regional-economic-outlook-april-2022-middle-east-central-asia.
[5] IMF (2022), Regional Economic Outlook Middle East and Central Asia : Divergent Recoveries in Turbulent Times, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/REO/MECA/Issues/2022/04/25/regional-economic-outlook-april-2022-middle-east-central-asia.
[93] IMF (2022), Tajikistan: Article IV Consultation Staff Report, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2022/02/17/Republic-of-Tajikistan-2021-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-Staff-Report-and-513280.
[116] IMF (2022), Transcript of October 2022 Middle East and Central Asia Department Press Briefing, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2022/10/13/tr101322-transcript-of-mcd-press-briefing.
[22] IMF (2022), World Economic Outlook April 2022, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2022/04/19/world-economic-outlook-april-2022.
[24] IMF (2022), World Economic Outlook October 2022 database.
[92] IMF (2021), Kyrgyz Republic: Article IV Consultation Staff Report, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2021/07/30/Kyrgyz-Republic-2021-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-and-Staff-Report-463121.
[41] IMF (2021), World Economic Outlook October 2021, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=923&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RP.
[91] IMF (2020), Kyrgyz Republic: Request for Purchase Under the Rapid Financing Instrument and Disbursement Credit Facility - Debt Sustainability Analysis, https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/DSA/external/pubs/ft/dsa/pdf/2020/dsacr2090.ashx.
[90] IMF (2020), Republic of Tajikistan: Debt Sustainability Analysis.
[103] IMF (2019), Collateralized Sovereign Debt –Costs and Benefits,, https://www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Countries/ResRep/ZWE/collaterized-debt-presentation-august-2019-final.ashx.
[152] IMF2 (2022), World Economic Outlook April 2022, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2022/04/19/world-economic-outlook-april-2022.
[43] Insan-Leilek Foundation (2022), Survey among migrants in Moscow, https://24.kg/obschestvo/228851_mesyats_pod_sanktsiyami_kak_izmenilas_jizn_migrantov_ikogda_jdat_ihvozvrascheniya/ (accessed on 18 April 2022).
[19] Interfax (2022), Capital outflow from Russia could have topped $50 bln in Feb-March, as much as in whole of 2020 - experts, https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/78115/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
[38] Interfax (2022), EU restricts operations with Russian government, CBR securities, https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/73973/ (accessed on 11 April 2022).
[140] Interfax (2022), Kostin hopes VTB can return to dividends in future, https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/78523/ (accessed on 20 May 2022).
[78] Interfax (2022), Subsidiary of Russia’s VTB to continue operations in Kazakhstan, https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/82745/.
[89] Investing.com (2022), World Government Bonds: Russia and Kazakhstan, https://www.investing.com/rates-bonds/world-government-bonds (accessed on 24 May 2022).
[132] Investing.com (2020), Forex Rates, https://www.investing.com/currencies/streaming-forex-rates-majors.
[46] IOM (2022), Sanctions On Russia Already Hitting Remittance-Dependent Countries in Central Asia, https://rovienna.iom.int/news/sanctions-russia-already-hitting-remittance-dependent-countries-central-asia.
[131] IT Visa (2022), IT Visa in Uzbekistan Relocation Program, http://itvisa.uz/en.
[108] Kazinform (2022), Flour and grain export restrictions to be introduced in Kazakhstan (Ограничения на экспорт муки и зерна введут в Казахстане), https://www.inform.kz/ru/ogranicheniya-na-eksport-muki-i-zerna-vvedut-v-kazahstane_a3918792 (accessed on 2 May 2022).
[87] KNOMAD (2022), Remittances Data (database), https://www.knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed on 10 May 2022).
[10] KNOMAD (2022), Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Implications for Remittance flows to Ukraine and Central Asia, Policy Brief 17, https://www.knomad.org/publication/russia-ukraine-conflict-implications-remittance-flows-ukraine-and-central-asia.
[66] Korn, T. (2022), Russia’s war against Ukraine might persistently shift global supply chains, Voxeu.org, https://voxeu.org/article/russias-war-against-ukraine-might-persistently-shift-global-supply-chains (accessed on 18 April 2022).
[142] Kumenov, A. (2022), China promises more investment at Central Asia summit, https://eurasianet.org/china-promises-more-investment-at-central-asia-summit (accessed on 11 April 2022).
[119] Kurbanov, S. (2022), Mitigating the Adverse Side Effects of Russian Sanctions in Central Asia, https://www.cipe.org/blog/2022/03/24/mitigating-the-adverse-side-effects-of-russia-sanctions-in-central-asia/ (accessed on 28 April 2022).
[153] Kursiv (2022), The United States imposes blocking sanctions against Sberbank and Alfabank in Kazakhstan, https://kz.kursiv.media/en/2022-04-07/the-united-states-imposes-blocking-sanctions-against-sberbank-and-alfabank-in-kazakhstan/ (accessed on 19 May 2022).
[121] Lafrogne-Joussier, M. (2022), Supply chain disruptions and mitigation strategies, https://voxeu.org/article/supply-chain-disruptions-and-mitigation-strategies (accessed on 20 April 2022).
[145] Lex-UZ (2022), Additional measures to support citizens temporarily working abroad and members of their families (О ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫХ МЕРАХ ПО ПОДДЕРЖКЕ ГРАЖДАН РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН, ОСУЩЕСТВЛЯЮЩИХ ВРЕМЕННУЮ ТРУДОВУЮ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ЗА РУБЕЖОМ, И ЧЛЕНОВ ИХ СЕМЕЙ, https://lex.uz/ru/docs/5893255 (accessed on 4 May 2022).
[107] Lex-UZ (2022), Decree of the President of Uzbekistan on further improvement of inter-budgetary relations and tax administrion (Постановление Президента Респубдткт Узбекистан О ДАЛЬНЕЙШЕМ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИИ МЕЖБЮДЖЕТНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ И НАЛОГОВОГО АДМИНИСТРИРОВАНИЯ), https://lex.uz/ru/docs/5959962 (accessed on 3 May 2022).
[69] Lukoil (2021), Head of Lukoil vists Kazakhstan, https://www.lukoil.com/PressCenter/Pressreleases/Pressrelease?rid=566643.
[68] May (ed.) (2022), “Uzbekistan: Nuclear deal with Russia still on the table despite sanctions”, Eurasianet, p. 2022, https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-nuclear-deal-with-russia-still-on-the-table-despite-sanctions.
[25] Meduza (2022), Российская экономика не рухнула из-за войны и санкций. Переживет ли она мобилизацию и аннексию? Спойлер: все очень плохо, https://meduza.io/feature/2022/10/07/rossiyskaya-ekonomika-ne-ruhnula-iz-za-voyny-i-sanktsiy-perezhivet-li-ona-mobilizatsiyu-i-anneksiyu.
[130] Ministry of Economy and Commerce of the Kyrgyz Republic (2022), Статус цифрового кочевника, https://mineconom.gov.kg/ru/direct/385/395.
[134] MIR (2022), Karta Mir za Ggranicej [Mir Card beyond Borders], https://mironline.ru/support/list/karta_mir_za_granicej/ (accessed on 6 April 2022).
[105] Mir 24 (2022), Anti-crisis plan: Kyrgyzstan adopts economic support package (Антикризисный план: в Кыргызстане приняли пакет мер поддержки экономики), https://mir24.tv/news/16501753/antikrizisnyi-plan-v-kyrgyzstane-prinyali-paket-mer-podderzhki-ekonomiki (accessed on 3 May 2022).
[63] National Bank of Kazakhstan (2022), International merchandise trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan, https://www.nationalbank.kz/en/news/platezhnyy-balans-vn-sektora.
[71] National Bank of Kazakhstan (202), Direct investments according to the Republic of Kazakhstan’s balance of payments data, https://www.nationalbank.kz/en/news/platezhnyy-balans-vn-sektora.
[53] National Bank of Kyrgyzstan (n.d.), International trade statistics, https://www.nbkr.kg/index1.jsp?item=2007&lang=ENG.
[56] National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic (2022), 5.04.00.10 Per capita consumption of food item 5.04.00.10 Per capita consumption of food items (database), http://www.stat.kg/en/statistics/uroven-zhizni-naseleniya/ (accessed on 10 May 2022).
[51] National Statistics Office of Mongolia (2022), External Trade Indicators, https://en.nso.mn/home.
[59] National Statistics Office of Mongolia (2022), News Release, https://1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=CPI_2022_III_en.pdf&ln=En.
[102] Natural Resource Governance Institute (2020), Resource Backed Loans: Pitfalls and Potential, https://resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/documents/resource-backed-loans-pitfalls-and-potential.pdf.
[29] Novaya Gazeta Europe (2022), Sources: FSB reports 260,000 men left Russia, wants to close borders, https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/09/26/sources-fsb-reports-260000-men-left-russia-wants-to-close-borders-news.
[34] NPR (2022), NPR, https://www.npr.org/2022/03/06/1084834279/the-effects-of-sanctions-targeting-russian-oligarchs (accessed on 13 April 2022).
[136] OEC (2022), The Observatory of Economic Complexity - Trade partners (database), https://oec.world/.
[127] OECD (2022), Green Economy Transition in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia: Progress and Ways Forward, OECD Green Growth Studies, https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/c410b82a-en.pdf?expires=1666165738&id=id&accname=ocid84004878&checksum=06FC7D388AAD36C013D17E9443E6E8A1 (accessed on 18 October 2022).
[126] OECD (2022), Keys to resilient supply chains, OECD Publishing, https://www.oecd.org/trade/resilient-supply-chains/#policy-guide (accessed on 20 April 2022).
[23] OECD (2022), OECD Interim Economic Oulook presentation, March 2022, OECD Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1787/04d13b44-en.
[4] OECD (2021), Beyond Covid-19: Prospects for Economic Recovery in Central Asia, OECD Publishing, https://www.oecd.org/eurasia/Beyond%20COVID-19%20Advancing%20Digital%20Transformation%20in%20the%20Eastern%20Partner%20Countries%20.pdf.
[60] OECD (2021), Informality and COVID-19 in Eurasia: the Sudden Loss of a Social Buffer, OECD Publishing, https://www.oecd.org/eurasia/COVID-19-informality-Eurasia.pdf.
[120] OECD (2020), Improving the Legal Environment for Business in Central Asia, OECD Publishing, https://www.oecd.org/eurasia/Improving-LEB-CA-ENG%2020%20April.pdf.
[101] OECD (2020), Tax and Fiscal Policy in Response to the Coronavirus Crisis: Strengthening Confidence and Resilience, OECD Publishing, https://www.oecd.org/ctp/tax-policy/tax-and-fiscal-policy-in-response-to-the-coronavirus-crisis-strengthening-confidence-and-resilience.htm.
[67] OECD and ITF (2019), Enhancing Connectivity and Freight in Central Asia, OECD Publishing, https://www.itf-oecd.org/enhancing-connectivity-and-freight-central-asia.
[39] Office of Foreign Assets Control (2022), Sanctions List Search, https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/ (accessed on 11 April 2022).
[110] Ozodi (2022), Turkmenistan to increase production of horticultural products for export to Russia (Туркменистан увеличит производство плодоовощной продукции для экспорта в Россию), https://rus.ozodi.org/a/31784545.html (accessed on 4 May 2022).
[62] Pestova, A. (2022), The price of war: Macroeconomic effects of the 2022 sanction on Russia, https://voxeu.org/article/macroeconomic-effects-2022-sanctions-russia (accessed on 20 May 2022).
[141] PMI by S&P Global (2022), Tengri Partners Kazakhstan Manufacturing PMI, https://www.pmi.spglobal.com/Public/Home/PressRelease/3433356315ee465788fb6158f02690bd.
[48] Radio Ozodi (2022), «Заработков меньше, но безопаснее». Число таджикских мигрантов в Казахстане растет, https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Frus.ozodi.org%2Fa%2F32112828.html&data=05%7C01%7CCeleste.LAPORTETALAMON%40oecd.org%7Ce3a91565dfd54fd7a1e208dabd5a9eb6%7Cac41c7d41f61460db0f4fc925a2b471c%7C0%7C0%7C638030494435724210%7CUnkno.
[26] Reuters (2022), Exclusive: Russia starts stripping jetliners for parts as sanctions bite, https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/exclusive-russia-starts-stripping-jetliners-parts-sanctions-bite-2022-08-08/.
[104] Reuters (2022), Kyrgyz central bank bans export of cash dollars, https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/kyrgyz-central-bank-bans-export-cash-dollars-2022-03-12/ (accessed on 7 April 2022).
[96] Reuters (2022), Reuters-Eikon sovereign risk database.
[124] Robinson, S. and K. Thierfelder (2022), Can liberalizing trade reduce US CPI inflation? Insights from an economywide analysis, https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/can-liberalizing-trade-reduce-us-cpi-inflation-insights (accessed on 11 May 2022).
[98] Standish, R. (2022), “China’s Belt And Road Grapples With Mounting Debt Crisis, Impacting Central Asia, Pakistan, And Beyond”, Radio Free Liberty, https://www.rferl.org/a/china-debt-crisis-belt-road-initiative-kyrgyzstan-pakistan-/31970756.html.
[58] State Committee on Statistics (2022), Dynamics of the consumer price index, in fixed weights (to the previous month) (database), https://www.stat.uz/en/official-statistics/prices-and-indexes (accessed on 10 May 2022).
[50] State Committee on Statistics (2022), Merchandise Trade, https://stat.uz/en/official-statistics/merchandise-trade.
[42] State Migration Agency of Uzbekistan (2022), Survey of labour migrants in Russia, http://migration.uz/news/view/935 (accessed on 18 April 2022).
[148] Tajikistan 24 (2022), Donors and Development Partners Coordination Council on Labour, Migration and Employment held in Dushanbe (В Душанбе состоялся Координационный совет доноров и партнёров по развитию в сфере труда, миграции и занятости населения), https://tajikistan24.com/v-dushanbe-sostojalsja-koordinacionnyj-sovet-donorov-i-partnjorov-po-razvitiju-v-sfere-truda-migracii-i-zanjatosti-naselenija/ (accessed on 4 May 2022).
[147] Tajikistan 24 (2022), South Korea is ready to attract labour from Tajikistan (ЮЖНАЯ КОРЕЯ ГОТОВА ПРИВЛЕЧЬ РАБОЧУЮ СИЛУ ИЗ ТАДЖИКИСТАНА), https://tajikistan24.com/juzhnaja-koreja-gotova-privlech-rabochuju-silu-iz-tadzhikistana-oficialnaja-delegacija-respubliki-tadzhikistan-v-respublike-koreja-podpisala-soglashenie-i-dva-memoranduma-o-vzaimoponimanii/ (accessed on 3 May 2022).
[52] Tajstat (2022), Macroeconomic Indicators, https://www.stat.tj/en/macroeconomic-indicators.
[55] Tajstat (2022), Structure of household consumer disbursements, 1998-2020 (database), https://www.stat.tj/en/database-real-sector (accessed on 9 May 2022).
[129] The Astana Times (2022), “Astana Hub Technopark Offers Favorable Conditions and Special Tax Regime to Attract Foreign IT Companies”, The Astana Times, https://astanatimes.com/2022/03/astana-hub-technopark-offers-favorable-conditions-and-special-tax-regime-to-attract-foreign-it-companies/.
[115] The Diplomat (2022), The Trans-Afghan Railway Line: Back on Track?, https://thediplomat.com/2022/07/the-trans-afghan-railway-line-back-on-track/.
[114] The News (2022), Pakistan gears up for more trade deals with Central Asian states, https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1000727-pakistan-gears-up-for-more-trade-deals-with-central-asian-states.
[17] The White House (2022), FACT SHEET: United States, G7 and EU Impose Severe and Immediate Costs on Russia, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/04/06/fact-sheet-united-states-g7-and-eu-impose-severe-and-immediate-costs-on-russia/ (accessed on 12 April 2022).
[2] UN Comtrade (2022), UN Comtrade Data (database), https://comtrade.un.org/data/ (accessed on 4 July 2022).
[72] UNCTAD (2021), World Investment Report 2021: Investing in Sustainable Recovery, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2021_en.pdf.
[1] UNCTAD STAT (2022), Merchandise trade matrix in thousands United States dollars, annual, 2016-2020 (database), https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=217476&IF_Language=eng (accessed on 23 June 2022).
[138] US Department of the Treasury (2022), Russia-related Designations and Designation Update; Issuance of Russia-related General Licenses, https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/recent-actions/20220420 (accessed on 18 May 2022).
[35] US Department of the Treasury (2022), The United States Sanctions Major Russian State-Owned Enterprises, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0707 (accessed on 12 April 2022).
[18] US Department of the Treasury (2022), Treasury Imposes Swift and Severe Costs on Russia for Putin’s Purported Annexation of Regions of Ukraine, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0981.
[133] UZCARD (2022), UZCARD is actively working to establish the acceptance of Mir cards in its network, https://uzcard.uz/ru/news/post/uzcard-soobshchaet-o-vremennoy-priostanovke-priema-kart-ps-mir/2 (accessed on 6 April 2022).
[14] Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies (2022), Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Assessment of the Humanitarian, Economic and Financial Impact in the Short and Medium Term, https://wiiw.ac.at/russia-s-invasion-of-ukraine-assessment-of-the-humanitarian-economic-and-financial-impact-in-the-short-and-medium-term-dlp-6132.pdf.
[155] VOA News (2022), VOA News: South and Central Asia, https://www.voanews.com/a/despite-skepticism-china-kyrgyzstan-uzbekistan-railway-deal-chugs-forward/6775799.html (accessed on 13 October 2022).
[54] World Bank (2022), Business Pulse Survey Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, https://blogs.worldbank.org/europeandcentralasia/taking-pulse-business-central-asia-following-russian-invasion-ukraine.
[151] World Bank (2022), Europe and Central Asia Economic Update, https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/eca/publication/europe-and-central-asia-economic-update.
[118] World Bank (2022), Europe and Central Asia Economic Update: Fall 2022, World Bank, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/38098/FullReport.pdf?sequence=8&isAllowed=y (accessed on 11 October 2022).
[70] World Bank (2022), Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) (database), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD.
[44] World Bank (2022), War in the Region : Europe and Central Asia Economic Update, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/37268.
[11] World Bank (2022), World Development Indicators (database), https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (accessed on 7 April 2022).
[61] World Bank (2021), Poverty in Tajikistan, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/infographic/2021/10/15/poverty-in-tajikistan-2021 (accessed on 19 April 2022).
[64] World Bank (2020), World Development Report: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/32437.
[88] World Government Bonds (2022), Kazakhstan Government Bonds - Yields Curve, http://www.worldgovernmentbonds.com/country/kazakhstan/ (accessed on 24 May 2022).
[65] WTO (2020), Trade in Value Added and Global Value Chains, https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/miwi_e/KZ_e.pdf.