Indicators of Immigrant Integration 2023

Annex B. Skills and the labour market

Access the data for tables in Annex B:

StatLink https://stat.link/y6fxs0

Table A B.1. Distribution by level of education, 2020

Percentages, 15‑64 year-olds not in education

	Foreign-born			EU-born			Non-EU born			Native-born
	Very low (ISCED 0‑1)	Low (ISCED 0‑2)	High (ISCED 5+)	Very low (ISCED 0‑1)	Low (ISCED 0‑2)	High (ISCED 5+)	Very low (ISCED 0‑1)	Low (ISCED 0‑2)	High (ISCED 5+)	Very low (ISCED 0‑1)	Low (ISCED 0‑2)	High (ISCED 5+)
Australia	4	13	60	..	..	..	..	..	..	4	20	39
Austria	3	27	30	0	12	40	6	39	23	0	11	32
Belgium	16	33	34	9	23	43	22	40	28	5	18	42
Bulgaria	..	8	52	..	-	-	..	-	-	5	19	27
Canada	..	8	66	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	12	50
Chile	8	19	38	..	..	..	..	..	..	15	30	24
Colombia	10	35	22	..	..	..	..	..	..	22	38	28
Costa Rica	41	69	13	..	..	..	..	..	..	30	58	25
Croatia	3	21	21	0	9	29	4	23	19	1	12	24
Cyprus	9	23	38	7	21	36	10	24	39	8	15	45
Czech Republic	..	12	34	..	11	34	..	12	34	0	6	24
Denmark	5	28	40	1	13	53	7	34	34	2	18	38
Estonia	0	5	49	1	5	61	0	5	47	1	11	39
Finland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
France	17	33	35	13	29	34	17	34	35	4	16	40
Germany	16	36	26	8	25	30	20	42	24	2	10	30
Greece	16	38	15	7	21	24	18	42	13	11	20	33
Hungary	1	14	39	2	15	35	..	11	46	1	15	25
Iceland	0	26	38	..	21	39	0	33	38	0	25	41
Ireland	3	8	56	3	6	49	3	10	61	5	18	45
Israel	..	11	56	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	13	41
Italy	9	50	12	4	37	13	11	56	12	4	36	20
Japan	1	12	47	..	..	..	..	..	..	1	5	53
Korea	9	28	31	..	..	..	..	..	..	3	10	52
Latvia	..	7	38	..	13	35	..	6	39	1	9	36
Lithuania	1	4	38	1	6	46	1	4	38	1	5	43
Luxembourg	11	26	52	12	26	51	7	25	53	3	20	32
Malta	1	31	42	..	..	..	..	..	..	4	45	23
Mexico	11	35	25	..	..	..	..	..	..	20	51	17
Netherlands	12	27	38	5	17	48	15	30	35	4	18	42
New Zealand	..	12	49	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	27	29
Norway	4	20	42	3	11	46	5	27	39	0	18	43
Poland	1	3	60	..	2	63	1	3	56	1	7	31
Portugal	11	28	34	8	25	39	11	28	33	26	46	26
Romania	1	8	61	..	-	-	-	2	64	4	21	18
Slovak Republic	..	6	37	..	6	29	..	6	48	1	8	25
Slovenia	1	20	18	0	12	31	1	23	13	1	9	37
Spain	14	38	29	5	26	36	18	42	27	6	38	41
Sweden	9	29	42	1	15	53	12	34	38	0	9	41
Switzerland	5	22	42	4	18	48	7	28	35	1	5	43
Türkiye	..	43	27	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	59	20
United Kingdom	3	18	50	1	17	45	4	19	53	1	23	39
United States	8	21	43	..	..	..	..	..	..	0	9	47
OECD total	9	25	40	5	23	36	14	36	31	6	23	36
EU total	13	35	29	6	25	31	16	40	27	4	20	32

Note: ".." value is missing, "-" value is below the sample size threshold.

Source: Indicator 3.1.

Statlink

Table A B.2. Distribution by level of education and gender, 2020

Percentages, 15‑64 year-olds not in education

	Foreign-born men			Foreign-born women			Native-born men			Native-born women			Recent migrants (<5 years)
	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)
Australia	13	31	56	13	24	63	20	47	33	19	35	46	8	22	70
Austria	26	46	28	29	39	33	9	58	33	14	54	32	23	39	38
Belgium	33	34	33	33	31	35	20	44	36	16	37	48	27	26	47
Bulgaria	-	-	-	-	-	-	19	60	21	19	48	33	-	-	-
Canada	9	27	64	8	24	68	14	43	43	11	31	58	9	21	70
Chile	18	46	37	20	41	40	31	47	23	28	47	25	..	..	..
Colombia	38	43	20	32	44	25	41	34	25	35	35	30	..	..	..
Costa Rica	71	17	12	66	21	13	61	17	22	56	18	27	..	..	..
Croatia	15	64	21	26	52	21	11	70	20	14	57	29	-	-	-
Cyprus	25	40	35	21	39	40	16	46	38	14	34	52	30	36	33
Czech Republic	10	58	32	14	50	36	6	74	21	7	66	27	10	52	38
Denmark	30	32	38	25	32	43	20	47	32	16	40	44	31	20	49
Estonia	7	53	41	4	40	57	14	57	29	7	44	49	4	30	66
Finland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	39	30	31
France	30	36	34	36	28	36	17	47	36	15	41	44	32	27	41
Germany	36	39	25	36	38	27	9	57	33	10	62	28	38	28	34
Greece	45	45	10	33	49	19	19	49	32	20	45	35	56	30	13
Hungary	13	52	35	14	44	42	14	65	21	17	54	30	15	48	37
Iceland	28	36	35	24	34	41	27	39	34	23	29	49	30	31	39
Ireland	9	37	54	8	34	58	21	39	41	14	37	49	6	23	71
Israel	11	36	52	11	31	58	15	48	37	11	43	46	16	26	59
Italy	55	36	9	45	39	15	37	46	17	34	44	23	53	29	18
Japan	11	39	49	13	42	45	7	42	51	4	41	55	..	..	..
Korea	28	42	30	29	38	33	8	38	54	11	39	50	..	..	..
Latvia	12	54	34	3	55	41	13	62	25	6	47	47	2	27	71
Lithuania	4	59	37	4	56	40	7	58	35	3	46	51	4	41	55
Luxembourg	26	22	52	25	23	51	21	49	30	20	45	35	12	14	75
Malta	32	29	39	29	26	45	45	33	22	45	31	24	25	25	50
Mexico	36	36	28	34	44	22	50	33	17	51	32	17	..	..	..
Netherlands	28	36	36	26	34	40	18	41	42	18	39	43	23	22	55
New Zealand	13	41	46	12	37	51	29	46	25	25	43	32	0	0	0
Norway	21	42	37	20	33	48	19	44	37	16	35	48	16	48	35
Poland	3	42	55	3	33	64	8	67	25	7	56	37	..	..	..
Portugal	30	42	28	26	35	39	50	30	20	42	27	31	15	44	41
Romania	-	-	-	-	-	-	19	65	16	22	59	19	-	-	-
Slovak Republic	9	53	38	4	61	36	7	72	20	9	61	30	0	67	33
Slovenia	15	71	14	26	52	22	8	62	30	9	47	44	18	64	18
Spain	40	33	27	36	33	31	41	21	37	34	21	44	26	32	42
Sweden	31	31	38	27	27	46	10	57	33	8	42	50	39	16	45
Switzerland	22	36	42	23	34	43	4	49	47	6	56	38	11	27	62
Türkiye	43	32	24	43	29	28	55	24	21	64	17	19	..	..	..
United Kingdom	19	34	47	18	30	52	24	40	37	22	37	41	17	31	52
United States	22	36	41	20	35	45	10	48	42	8	41	51	19	30	51
OECD total	26	36	38	24	34	42	23	43	34	23	39	38	23	29	47
EU total	36	37	27	34	35	30	20	51	29	19	47	34	32	29	39

Note: ".." value is missing, "-" value is below the sample size threshold, recent migrants refer to less than 10 years of residence for Canada, Korea and New Zealand.

Source: Indicator 3.1.

Statlink

Table A B.3. Distribution by level of education, evolution between 2010 and 2020

Change in percentage points, 15‑64 year-olds not in education

	Foreign-born			EU-born			Non-EU born			Native-born
	Very low (ISCED 0-1)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	High (ISCED 5+)	Very low (ISCED 0-1)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	High (ISCED 5+)	Very low (ISCED 0-1)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	High (ISCED 5+)	Very low (ISCED 0-1)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	High (ISCED 5+)
Australia	-3	-8	15	0	..	..	0	..	..	-3	-10	9
Austria	-1	-5	13	0	-1	15	-1	-6	10	0	-4	15
Belgium	-9	-8	5	-8	-11	8	-10	-7	3	-5	-10	7
Bulgaria	..	-	-	..	-	-	..	-	-	1	-3	5
Canada	..	-4	10	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	-5	9
Chile	..	-6	12	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	-13	7
Colombia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Costa Rica	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Croatia	-4	-9	6	-2	-1	1	-4	-9	4	-2	-9	6
Cyprus	-1	-6	3	0	-2	1	-2	-9	5	-8	-10	11
Czech Republic	..	-4	13	..	-7	14	..	0	10	0	-2	9
Denmark	3	0	7	1	0	5	3	0	8	2	-8	7
Estonia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Finland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
France	-8	-13	11	-14	-15	9	-7	-13	11	-5	-11	11
Germany	2	1	6	..	..	..	..	..	..	0	0	4
Greece	-8	-11	1	-4	-11	5	-9	-12	1	-12	-16	9
Hungary	0	-3	7	1	-1	4	..	-6	10	0	-4	6
Iceland	-2	-8	6	..	-9	5	-3	-9	9	-1	-14	12
Ireland	-3	-13	10	-4	-18	9	0	-2	-4	-7	-11	11
Israel	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Italy	-3	4	1	-2	3	0	-4	3	1	-7	-10	6
Japan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea	1	-1	7	0	..	..	0	..	..	-4	-8	9
Latvia	..	-1	11	..	-7	12	..	-1	11	0	-5	11
Lithuania	0	0	8	-1	0	0	0	0	7	0	-4	12
Luxembourg	-4	0	9	-4	0	9	-2	3	10	-2	0	6
Malta	-3	-19	16	-4	..	..	..	..	..	-12	-21	9
Mexico	..	3	-10	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	-12	2
Netherlands	-4	-11	11	-6	-11	13	-3	-10	10	-3	-9	11
New Zealand	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Norway	3	-7	6	2	-4	7	3	-8	5	0	-3	9
Poland	0	-5	25	..	-8	35	0	-6	24	0	-5	10
Portugal	-14	-21	14	-9	-13	12	-16	-24	15	-25	-24	12
Romania	-	-	-	..	-	-	-	-	-	-1	-7	5
Slovak Republic	..	-10	16	..	-11	9	..	-5	25	1	-1	9
Slovenia	-3	-13	7	-2	-8	12	-3	-16	6	-1	-7	13
Spain	-9	-8	8	-5	-6	9	-11	-10	9	-12	-11	10
Sweden	-2	-2	10	-5	-10	19	-2	0	7	-2	-8	12
Switzerland	-4	-8	12	-4	-8	12	-3	-8	12	0	-4	11
Türkiye	..	-1	4	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	-12	9
United Kingdom	2	-4	14	1	-2	14	2	-5	15	1	-6	8
United States	-4	-8	9	0	..	..	0	..	..	0	-2	7
OECD total	-3	-6	9	-4	-7	11	-3	-7	10	-2	-5	7
EU total	-4	-5	7	-6	-7	8	-5	-8	8	-5	-8	8

Note: ".." value is missing, "-" value is below the sample size threshold.

Source: Indicator 3.1.

Statlink

Table A B.4. Distribution by level of education and gender, evolution between 2010 and 2020

Change in percentage points, 15‑64 year-olds not in education

	Foreign-born men			Foreign-born women			Native-born men			Native-born women			Recent migrants (<5 years)
	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)	Low (ISCED 0-2)	Medium (ISCED 3-4)	High (ISCED 5+)
Australia	-6	-7	13	-10	-6	16	-9	3	7	-12	1	11	-2	-8	10
Austria	-2	-8	10	-8	-7	16	-1	-12	14	-6	-11	17	-1	-11	12
Belgium	-7	4	4	-9	3	6	-9	5	4	-11	0	10	-9	-3	11
Bulgaria	-	-	-	-	-	-	-3	-2	5	-3	-3	6	-	-	-
Canada	-4	-6	9	-4	-6	11	-5	-2	7	-4	-6	11	-4	-6	9
Chile	-7	-2	9	-5	-9	14	-11	5	6	-14	6	8	..	..	..
Colombia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Costa Rica	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Croatia	-8	1	7	-10	6	4	-7	3	4	-11	2	9	..	..	..
Cyprus	-3	-1	4	-8	4	3	-8	1	7	-12	-4	15	-7	-1	8
Czech Republic	-2	-6	8	-7	-11	18	0	-5	5	-4	-8	12	-3	-15	18
Denmark	4	-7	3	-3	-7	10	-5	0	5	-10	1	9	5	-14	8
Estonia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Finland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	10	-12	3
France	-15	5	10	-12	1	11	-9	-1	10	-12	-1	13	-10	0	9
Germany	4	-10	6	-2	-5	7	1	-5	3	-2	-3	4	10	-12	2
Greece	-12	11	0	-10	8	1	-18	11	7	-14	4	11	-5	1	4
Hungary	-1	-2	3	-5	-5	11	-3	-2	5	-6	-2	8	-3	6	-2
Iceland	-6	-4	10	-9	7	2	-11	2	9	-16	2	15	..	..	..
Ireland	-13	2	11	-13	3	9	-12	1	11	-11	-1	12	-16	-10	26
Israel	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Italy	6	-6	0	2	-4	2	-9	4	4	-12	4	7	3	-10	7
Japan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea	1	-9	8	-4	-3	7	-6	-2	8	-10	-1	11	-2	-8	10
Latvia	0	-9	9	-2	-11	13	-5	-2	7	-4	-10	15	..	..	..
Lithuania	-1	-10	11	1	-7	6	-4	-7	11	-5	-9	14	-	-	-
Luxembourg	2	-7	5	-1	-12	13	4	-5	1	-5	-6	11	1	-10	9
Malta	-17	0	17	-20	4	16	-19	10	9	-24	13	10	-	-	-
Mexico	5	3	-8	0	12	-12	-13	12	1	-12	9	3	..	..	..
Netherlands	-10	3	7	-11	-3	14	-8	-1	9	-11	-3	14	-12	-7	19
New Zealand	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Norway	-5	0	6	-8	2	6	-3	-6	8	-4	-7	11	-4	4	0
Poland	-5	-14	19	-5	-26	31	-4	-4	8	-5	-8	13	..	..	..
Portugal	-26	13	13	-17	2	15	-24	14	10	-25	11	14	-37	9	28
Romania	-	-	-	-	-	-	-4	1	4	-10	3	6	-	-	-
Slovak Republic	2	-15	13	-21	1	19	0	-6	6	-2	-10	13	-	-	-
Slovenia	-9	6	3	-17	6	11	-6	-4	11	-8	-7	15	-10	5	4
Spain	-9	1	8	-7	-1	8	-10	1	8	-13	2	12	-19	-1	20
Sweden	1	-8	8	-4	-8	12	-7	-2	9	-8	-6	15	5	-5	0
Switzerland	-6	-4	10	-10	-5	14	-2	-6	8	-6	-8	15	-4	-8	12
Türkiye	-1	-4	5	-1	-2	3	-10	3	8	-13	4	10	..	..	..
United Kingdom	-1	-11	12	-7	-10	16	-3	-3	6	-9	-1	9	-1	-20	21
United States	-9	0	9	-7	-2	9	-2	-3	5	-2	-7	9	-14	-1	15
OECD total	-6	-3	9	-6	-3	9	-5	-1	5	-6	-2	8	-9	-6	15
EU total	-4	-2	7	-6	-2	8	-6	0	7	-9	-1	10	-7	-7	14

Note: ".." value is missing, "-" value is below the sample size threshold, recent migrants refer to less than 10 years of residence for Australia, Canada and Korea.

Source: Indicator 3.1.

Statlink

Table A B.5. Share of migrants with foreign education, 2020

Percentages, 15‑64 year-olds not in education

	Total			Highly educated					Highly educated born in an EU country			Highly educated born in a non-EU country
	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Recent (<5 years)	Settled (>=10 years)	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
Australia	..	..	..	49	48	51	80	35	..	..	..	..	..	..
Austria	74	73	74	68	69	67	94	48	69	70	68	67	67	67
Belgium	71	72	71	65	67	63	98	44	71	75	68	58	59	57
Bulgaria	-	-	-	-	-	-	..	-	-	-	..	-	-	-
Canada	46	47	46	45	46	44	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Chile	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Colombia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Costa Rica	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Croatia	49	45	53	23	28	20	-	20	-	-	-	24	25	24
Cyprus	82	80	83	69	69	69	96	47	67	69	66	70	69	71
Czech Republic	69	68	70	53	47	59	99	31	37	33	42	69	63	75
Denmark	64	67	61	54	59	49	84	30	53	59	47	55	59	51
Estonia	38	40	35	39	43	35	94	20	57	64	49	36	39	34
Finland	53	54	52	37	34	38	83	25	25	22	28	42	40	43
France	54	53	56	41	37	44	84	26	48	58	41	39	33	45
Germany	67	66	67	61	59	63	96	38	61	59	62	62	59	64
Greece	75	74	76	54	47	57	..	47	46	15	60	58	60	57
Hungary	70	73	68	51	59	46	99	31	45	50	42	60	68	53
Iceland	59	59	59	43	39	46	84	22	38	29	46	49	55	45
Ireland	67	70	64	66	68	65	97	45	73	74	71	63	65	61
Israel	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Italy	75	73	77	57	51	60	96	46	47	44	49	62	54	65
Japan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea	94	95	92	85	88	81	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Latvia	34	38	31	35	41	30	..	22	70	64	-	30	37	25
Lithuania	76	78	75	59	63	56	-	54	-	-	-	59	61	58
Luxembourg	81	81	81	83	84	81	96	64	82	83	81	83	87	80
Malta	79	80	78	82	84	80	..	46	..	..	..	..	..	..
Mexico	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Netherlands	44	41	46	44	42	46	87	33	52	53	51	41	38	43
New Zealand	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Norway	62	64	59	59	63	57	92	40	68	73	65	52	56	49
Poland	98	99	96	97	99	94	..	..	..	..	..	95	99	92
Portugal	44	40	47	36	35	36	99	12	21	16	24	42	42	41
Romania	50	-	-	-	-	-	..	-	..	..	..	-	-	-
Slovak Republic	63	66	61	46	46	46	..	29	25	-	-	64	-	71
Slovenia	70	70	69	47	44	50	98	20	29	29	29	53	49	56
Spain	74	73	75	64	63	64	95	48	60	64	57	65	63	67
Sweden	63	63	62	60	64	55	96	36	63	73	56	57	61	54
Switzerland	70	70	71	68	68	68	94	42	69	72	67	65	60	69
Türkiye	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
United Kingdom	53	56	51	41	45	38	86	20	42	50	36	41	43	39
United States	58	57	60	53	52	54	93	40	..	..	..	..	..	..
OECD total	57	56	58	52	52	53	93	36	56	60	53	52	50	53
EU total	66	66	67	57	56	57	92	36	62	64	60	57	54	59

Note: ".." value is missing, "-" value is below the sample size threshold.

Source: Indicator 3.1.

Statlink

Table A B.6. Employment rates, 2021

Percentages, 15‑64 year-olds

	Foreign-born									Native-born
	Total	Men	Women	Low-educated	Highly educated	EU-born	Non-EU born	Recent (<5 years)	Settled (>=10 years)	Total	Men	Women	Low-educated	Highly educated
Australia	71	78	64	51	84	..	..	54	71	74	76	71	58	88
Austria	68	75	61	54	80	73	63	60	70	74	77	71	52	90
Belgium	59	68	51	42	80	70	52	55	60	67	69	65	47	89
Bulgaria	56	-	-	-	-	74	-	-	-	68	72	64	45	90
Canada	73	79	67	55	82	..	..	72	74	73	75	71	55	84
Chile	70	80	62	..	..	..	..	..	..	54	63	46	..	..
Colombia	66	83	49	..	..	..	..	..	..	60	74	48	..	..
Costa Rica	62	80	46	..	..	..	..	..	..	57	69	44	..	..
Croatia	65	74	57	43	85	69	64	-	66	63	68	59	42	86
Cyprus	71	77	66	71	74	74	69	69	71	71	77	65	58	88
Czech Republic	80	89	69	75	83	81	79	74	82	74	81	67	52	88
Denmark	70	75	64	59	84	77	66	67	71	76	79	74	62	90
Estonia	71	78	65	56	76	72	71	69	72	74	75	73	62	90
Finland	66	73	59	58	84	75	62	54	72	73	74	73	54	89
France	61	70	54	52	77	71	59	48	64	68	70	66	50	88
Germany	68	76	61	58	80	77	64	57	74	78	80	75	63	91
Greece	55	70	44	53	62	59	54	37	56	57	66	49	52	77
Hungary	80	85	76	80	88	84	74	63	85	73	78	68	57	91
Iceland	77	82	72	81	81	78	75	77	77	80	83	78	69	93
Ireland	72	78	66	58	85	75	70	74	71	69	73	65	50	88
Israel	78	79	77	70	85	..	..	70	79	64	66	62	41	88
Italy	59	74	47	58	69	61	59	36	63	58	66	50	48	86
Japan	77	85	71	..	..	..	..	..	..	77	83	70	..	..
Korea	67	80	51	69	72	..	..	61	73	67	76	58	62	77
Latvia	67	74	61	48	78	73	66	64	67	70	72	69	59	87
Lithuania	68	74	63	-	80	75	67	68	68	73	73	72	51	90
Luxembourg	73	77	68	71	88	75	67	77	72	65	67	63	61	94
Malta	79	87	72	74	87	87	76	80	77	73	81	65	62	93
Mexico	52	65	39	..	..	..	..	..	..	61	77	46	..	..
Netherlands	67	74	60	55	80	77	64	59	70	83	85	80	70	91
New Zealand	81	86	75	69	89	..	..	80	81	77	80	74	70	91
Norway	70	74	66	59	84	79	64	66	71	78	79	77	64	93
Poland	80	87	74	-	89	82	80	77	78	70	77	64	45	91
Portugal	76	82	72	75	90	81	74	..	..	70	72	67	70	91
Romania	54	57	-	-	-	20	-	-	66	62	71	52	42	90
Slovak Republic	74	81	66	-	89	72	77	65	75	69	73	66	27	89
Slovenia	68	76	59	48	83	70	67	67	69	72	74	69	48	91
Spain	60	68	54	58	71	65	59	51	63	63	68	59	57	83
Sweden	65	70	60	57	86	80	60	52	74	79	80	78	70	94
Switzerland	75	82	69	65	84	82	68	73	76	81	84	79	52	92
Türkiye	40	60	24	36	53	51	34	..	..	48	65	30	43	69
United Kingdom	75	82	70	68	85	82	72	65	78	75	78	73	56	87
United States	70	81	59	63	79	..	..	63	72	68	71	65	34	83
OECD total	68	78	60	59	80	74	62	60	71	67	74	60	49	84
EU total	65	73	57	57	78	72	61	55	68	69	73	65	54	88

Note: ".." value is missing, "-" value is below the sample size threshold.

Source: Indicator 3.4.

Statlink

Table A B.7. Employment rates, evolution between 2011 and 2021

Change in percentage points, 15‑64 year-olds

	Foreign-born									Native-born
	Total	Men	Women	Low-educated	Highly educated	EU-born	Non-EU born	Recent (<5 years)	Settled (>=10 years)	Total	Men	Women	Low-educated	Highly educated
Australia	1	-1	2	-9	2	..	..	..	-3	0	-2	2	-9	1
Austria	2	2	2	0	1	3	0	1	2	2	0	3	-1	0
Belgium	7	7	7	2	6	8	6	6	6	3	1	5	-1	3
Bulgaria	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	11	12	10	10	8
Canada	5	4	5	2	3	..	..	14	3	1	0	1	0	-1
Chile	2	0	2	..	..	..	..	..	..	-3	-8	2	..	..
Colombia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Costa Rica	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Croatia	13	15	11	9	9	10	13	-	14	8	7	9	-3	8
Cyprus	0	5	-3	-6	2	-2	2	-6	5	4	3	6	-2	2
Czech Republic	12	9	15	37	2	16	6	12	15	8	7	10	10	3
Denmark	11	12	9	7	2	10	10	14	11	3	3	3	1	3
Estonia	7	8	4	18	5	8	7	-	7	8	8	9	6	7
Finland	6	7	4	3	14	4	8	5	5	5	4	6	-2	4
France	2	3	2	1	3	2	4	5	4	3	1	4	-5	3
Germany	2	1	3	2	-1	..	..	2	6	5	3	6	8	2
Greece	-3	0	-3	-12	1	-2	-3	-19	-1	3	1	4	-1	2
Hungary	15	14	16	38	2	18	13	7	19	15	17	14	19	7
Iceland	1	4	-2	3	-3	1	1	-3	3	2	2	1	-6	1
Ireland	12	12	11	9	8	8	14	12	13	9	9	9	7	4
Israel	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Italy	-2	-1	-3	-2	-4	-2	-2	-13	-3	2	1	4	0	4
Japan	12	8	14	..	..	..	..	..	..	6	3	10	..	..
Korea	-7	-6	-7	..	..	..	..	-9	2	-6	-11	-2	..	..
Latvia	5	9	2	3	6	16	4	15	5	10	11	8	13	3
Lithuania	6	7	5	-	8	-	5	-	4	13	13	12	18	2
Luxembourg	3	-2	7	2	4	2	5	3	4	5	1	10	8	4
Malta	19	11	24	18	14	..	..	17	15	16	7	23	13	3
Mexico	-2	1	-4	..	..	..	..	..	..	0	-1	1	..	..
Netherlands	2	2	2	-2	3	3	1	9	5	5	3	7	2	4
New Zealand	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Norway	0	0	-1	-4	0	-2	0	-3	-1	2	2	2	-3	0
Poland	27	26	27	-	15	30	26	-	24	13	13	12	10	5
Portugal	11	14	8	6	-3	10	10	..	..	8	6	10	6	7
Romania	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	10	12	8	8	5
Slovak Republic	12	8	16	-	15	15	7	-	19	8	8	9	5	1
Slovenia	6	8	5	-2	6	13	4	10	6	8	7	8	4	7
Spain	6	10	2	7	2	6	5	0	6	5	3	6	5	2
Sweden	2	3	2	2	4	7	2	7	4	4	3	4	0	2
Switzerland	1	-1	3	-2	2	2	-1	-1	2	1	-1	4	-12	0
Türkiye	-5	-4	-5	..	..	2	1	..	..	-1	-4	2	..	..
United Kingdom	8	5	11	8	4	4	9	4	11	4	3	6	3	2
United States	2	3	2	2	2	..	..	5	2	3	3	3	0	2
OECD total	3	3	3	1	2	5	3	4	4	3	1	4	0	-6
EU total	4	5	3	4	4	5	4	4	4	6	5	7	3	3

Note: ".." value is missing, "-" value is below the sample size threshold.

Source: Indicator 3.4.

Statlink

Table A B.8. Unemployment rates, 2021

Percentages of the labour force, 15‑64 year-olds

	Foreign-born									Native-born
	Total	Men	Women	Low-educated	Highly educated	EU-born	Non-EU born	Recent (<5 years)	Settled (>=10 years)	Total	Men	Women	Low-educated	Highly educated
Australia	7	7	8	9	6	..	..	16	6	6	7	6	10	4
Austria	11	11	12	18	8	9	14	14	10	5	5	5	14	2
Belgium	11	10	12	18	6	6	15	13	11	5	6	5	11	3
Bulgaria	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	5	6	5	16	2
Canada	8	8	9	13	7	..	..	9	8	7	8	6	13	5
Chile	10	8	12	..	..	..	..	..	..	13	12	14	..	..
Colombia	6	6	6	..	..	..	..	..	..	6	7	5	..	..
Costa Rica	18	11	27	..	..	..	..	..	..	17	13	22	..	..
Croatia	7	7	8	10	5	9	7	-	-	8	7	8	11	5
Cyprus	10	11	9	10	8	8	11	13	9	7	6	8	8	6
Czech Republic	3	3	4	7	3	3	3	6	3	3	2	3	14	1
Denmark	8	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	5	..	..	..	..
Estonia	10	8	12	16	8	9	10	11	10	6	7	5	13	3
Finland	14	12	16	18	9	11	15	18	12	7	8	6	12	4
France	12	12	13	15	9	7	14	17	11	7	7	7	15	5
Germany	6	7	6	9	5	4	8	10	5	3	3	3	8	2
Greece	23	17	29	25	20	19	24	22	23	14	11	18	16	10
Hungary	3	4	3	4	3	3	4	7	2	4	4	4	11	2
Iceland	11	9	13	7	10	12	9	13	10	5	5	5	8	2
Ireland	7	7	8	..	..	7	8	..	..	6	6	6	..	..
Israel	5	5	4	5	4	..	..	7	4	5	5	5	6	3
Italy	13	11	16	14	11	12	14	26	12	9	9	10	14	4
Japan	5	5	5	..	..	..	..	..	..	4	4	3	..	..
Korea	6	5	8	6	6	..	..	6	6	4	4	4	4	4
Latvia	8	8	9	19	6	8	8	12	8	8	9	7	14	5
Lithuania	10	7	13	-	5	6	10	-	-	7	8	7	17	4
Luxembourg	6	5	7	7	4	5	10	8	4	4	5	4	7	1
Malta	4	4	5	6	1	3	5	4	3	3	4	2	5	1
Mexico	5	5	6	..	..	..	..	..	..	4	4	4	..	..
Netherlands	8	7	9	8	6	6	9	13	6	4	4	4	5	2
New Zealand	3	3	3	4	2	..	..	4	3	4	4	4	6	2
Norway	9	9	9	13	6	6	11	11	7	3	4	3	6	1
Poland	5	4	6	-	-	2	6	6	6	3	3	3	9	2
Portugal	8	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	7	..	..	..	..
Romania	4	-	-	-	-	-	0	-	-	6	6	5	14	2
Slovak Republic	8	6	11	-	-	10	5	11	7	7	7	7	42	3
Slovenia	7	4	10	10	6	7	7	8	6	5	4	5	8	3
Spain	22	19	25	25	17	18	23	27	20	13	12	15	20	7
Sweden	19	17	22	28	8	7	23	29	13	6	6	5	10	2
Switzerland	8	7	9	12	6	6	11	10	7	4	4	4	13	2
Türkiye	16	15	18	15	14	..	..	..	..	13	13	15	13	12
United Kingdom	5	4	5	5	3	4	5	7	4	3	4	3	5	2
United States	6	5	6	7	4	..	..	6	5	5	6	5	12	3
OECD total	8	7	9	11	6	7	12	11	7	6	6	6	12	4
EU total	12	11	13	15	8	8	14	16	11	6	6	7	14	4

Note: ".." value is missing, "-" value is below the sample size threshold.

Source: Indicator 3.5.

Statlink

Table A B.9. Unemployment rates, evolution between 2011 and 2021

Change in percentage points, 15‑64 year-olds

	Foreign-born									Native-born
	Total	Men	Women	Low-educated	Highly educated	EU-born	Non-EU born	Recent (<5 years)	Settled (>=10 years)	Total	Men	Women	Low-educated	Highly educated
Australia	2	2	2	1	3	..	..	0	1	1	2	1	3	1
Austria	2	1	2	5	1	1	3	4	2	1	1	1	3	1
Belgium	-4	-5	-3	-6	-2	-2	-5	-6	-2	-1	0	-2	-1	0
Bulgaria	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-7	-8	-6	-15	-3
Canada	0	0	0	-1	-1	..	..	-5	0	0	0	0	-1	0
Chile	4	4	5	..	..	..	..	..	..	5	5	4	..	..
Colombia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Costa Rica	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Croatia	-9	-9	-8	-12	-2	-6	-9	-	-	-6	-6	-6	-7	-4
Cyprus	0	-1	0	3	-2	-5	2	4	-4	0	-1	0	-1	0
Czech Republic	-5	-3	-7	-22	-1	-6	-3	0	-6	-4	-4	-4	-10	-1
Denmark	-7	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	-3	..	..	..	..
Estonia	-7	-8	-6	-5	-7	-6	-7	-	-	-6	-6	-6	-12	-4
Finland	-2	-5	1	-4	-5	1	-5	0	-3	-1	-1	-1	0	0
France	-3	-2	-3	-4	-2	0	-4	-7	-2	-1	-1	-2	0	0
Germany	-2	-2	-3	-6	0	..	..	0	-4	-2	-2	-2	-9	0
Greece	0	-5	6	3	0	3	0	2	-2	-4	-4	-4	-3	-2
Hungary	-6	-5	-6	-14	0	-6	-6	-1	-6	-7	-7	-6	-14	-2
Iceland	0	-3	2	-4	4	0	-1	1	4	-2	-2	-1	-1	-2
Ireland	-10	-12	-9	..	..	-11	-10	..	..	-9	-12	-6	..	..
Israel	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Italy	2	1	2	2	3	1	2	8	2	1	1	1	3	-1
Japan	-3	-4	-2	..	..	..	..	..	..	-3	-3	-2	..	..
Korea	2	2	3	2	2	..	..	2	1	1	1	1	2	0
Latvia	-10	-12	-8	-5	-7	-14	-9	-	-	-9	-10	-7	-13	-3
Lithuania	-9	-10	-8	-	-	-	-8	-	-	-8	-10	-6	-22	-2
Luxembourg	0	1	-2	-1	-1	0	-1	0	-1	1	2	0	-1	0
Malta	-3	-5	-2	-5	-3	-	-3	-5	-4	-3	-2	-5	-4	0
Mexico	-2	-3	0	0	0	..	..	..	..	-1	-1	-1	..	..
Netherlands	-4	-5	-3	-5	-3	-2	-4	-6	-5	-2	-1	-2	-1	-1
New Zealand	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Norway	1	1	2	2	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	0
Poland	-7	-6	-9	-	-	-	-9	-	-	-7	-6	-7	-11	-3
Portugal	-10	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	-7	..	..	..	..
Romania	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-4	-4	-4	-2	-3
Slovak Republic	-7	-6	-10	-	-	-5	-12	-	-	-7	-7	-7	-12	-2
Slovenia	-5	-6	-4	-8	-2	-4	-5	-4	-6	-3	-4	-3	-6	-2
Spain	-10	-14	-5	-12	-4	-11	-9	-4	-10	-6	-7	-5	-7	-3
Sweden	3	1	6	6	1	-1	3	-1	1	-1	-1	-1	0	0
Switzerland	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	3	0	0	1	0	4	0
Türkiye	5	5	5	..	..	..	..	..	..	4	4	5	..	..
United Kingdom	-2	-3	-1	-2	-2	-2	-2	0	-2	-3	-4	-2	-4	-1
United States	-4	-4	-3	-5	-2	..	..	-4	-4	-4	-4	-3	-11	-1
OECD total	-3	-3	-2	-4	-1	-3	-6	-3	-2	-2	-2	-2	-4	-1
EU total	-4	-5	-3	-6	-2	-4	-4	-4	-1	-3	-3	-3	-3	-1

Note: ".." value is missing, "-" value is below the sample size threshold.

Source: Indicator 3.5.

Table A B.10. Overqualification rates, 2021

Percentages of the highly educated employed 15‑64 year-olds, not in education

	Foreign-born											Native-born
	Total	Men	Women	Recent (<10 years)	Settled (>=10 years)	Foreign-educated	Host-country educated	EU-born	Non-EU born	Non-EU born, foreign-educated	Non-EU born, host-country educated	Total	Men	Women
Australia	30	30	31	34	28	33	28	..	..	..	..	22	23	21
Austria	39	40	39	41	38	44	26	33	47	54	30	26	25	26
Belgium	26	23	28	29	25	33	22	21	32	50	25	20	19	21
Bulgaria	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	21	23	20
Canada	57	54	61	60	56	62	51	..	..	..	..	54	53	54
Chile	48	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	23	..	..
Colombia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Costa Rica	56	62	48	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	32	34	31
Croatia	15	16	14	-	15	15	10	-	12	-	10	15	15	15
Cyprus	43	34	50	42	43	48	42	42	43	55	42	30	26	33
Czech Republic	22	17	28	22	22	-	-	12	35	31	33	13	11	16
Denmark	24	26	22	..	..	37	16	20	26	46	21	12	12	12
Estonia	38	40	36	34	42	36	40	-	39	42	41	19	22	18
Finland	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
France	26	23	29	31	24	40	20	23	27	46	20	20	19	20
Germany	31	30	32	33	30	39	19	31	31	38	22	18	18	18
Greece	55	61	52	44	56	55	53	35	67	63	63	33	35	30
Hungary	14	12	15	20	12	19	10	11	18	28	6	13	13	14
Iceland	42	40	44	58	27	-	17	43	38	47	26	10	10	10
Ireland	32	..	..	..	..	36	29	41	28	30	25	26	..	..
Israel	33	32	33	56	29	..	..	..	..	..	..	17	18	16
Italy	49	45	52	54	49	64	33	36	54	72	37	19	15	21
Japan	65	60	72	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	66	67	65
Korea	73	76	67	76	65	76	53	..	..	..	..	61	65	56
Latvia	20	19	21	10	23	17	22	9	22	26	23	18	22	17
Lithuania	29	31	27	28	30	21	21	-	31	23	20	22	24	20
Luxembourg	5	5	6	5	6	5	6	4	10	9	6	4	3	6
Malta	33	25	40	37	23	29	-	27	37	..	..	12	10	15
Mexico	35	33	38	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	42	45	39
Netherlands	24	22	26	25	23	37	17	22	25	46	14	14	13	15
New Zealand	27	24	31	32	25	..	..	..	..	..	..	21	18	23
Norway	31	29	33	41	26	39	17	30	32	40	17	11	12	9
Poland	30	24	36	41	17	-	-	-	37	46	-	19	20	18
Portugal	..	..	..	..	..	45	16	..	..	51	..	..	..	..
Romania	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	16	17	16
Slovak Republic	33	29	38	-	20	35	5	26	44	-	-	23	19	25
Slovenia	26	30	22	37	23	23	15	14	33	29	19	18	18	17
Spain	52	50	53	51	52	60	44	48	53	61	44	34	34	34
Sweden	21	23	19	25	18	34	10	15	24	41	10	10	11	10
Switzerland	19	17	21	19	20	20	17	16	25	26	21	19	20	17
Türkiye	32	..	..	27	32	..	..	..	..	..	..	34	..	..
United Kingdom	31	28	33	33	30	34	25	33	29	31	25	25	23	27
United States	35	35	35	37	35	40	32	..	..	..	..	34	37	31
OECD total	37	35	37	39	35	41	31	29	33	41	24	36	38	34
EU total	32	31	34	34	32	42	23	29	34	47	24	20	20	21

Note: ".." value is missing, "-" value is below the sample size threshold.

Source: Indicator 3.12.

Statlink

Table A B.11. Overqualification rates, evolution between 2011 and 2021

Change in percentage points, 15‑64 year-olds, not in education

	Foreign-born					Native-born
	Total	Men	Women	Recent (<10 years)	Settled (>=10 years)	Total	Men	Women
Australia	2	4	0	-	3	1	3	0
Austria	9	10	7	13	5	3	-2	11
Belgium	-5	-4	-7	-5	-4	0	1	-2
Bulgaria	-	-	-	-	-	-2	-5	0
Canada	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Chile	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Colombia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Costa Rica	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Croatia	-4	4	-11	-	-4	2	5	0
Cyprus	-9	-8	-7	-14	-2	2	2	2
Czech Republic	5	9	-4	4	6	2	1	2
Denmark	3	..	..	..	..	1	..	..
Estonia	..	..	..	0	0	..	..	..
Finland	..	..	..	-9	-3	..	..	..
France	0	1	-2	-5	0	1	3	-1
Germany	7	10	4	9	5	6	8	4
Greece	-6	4	-14	-26	-2	10	10	10
Hungary	0	-1	2	10	-3	0	0	1
Iceland	11	8	14	14	-2	3	4	2
Ireland	-7	..	..	..	..	-1	..	..
Israel	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Italy	-3	-1	-5	-11	3	3	3	2
Japan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Korea	8	8	8	14	19	4	5	4
Latvia	-6	-6	-5	-	-4	0	1	-1
Lithuania	9	-	7	-	8	6	6	7
Luxembourg	0	0	-1	1	-1	1	0	2
Malta	15	14	17	-	14	1	2	-1
Mexico	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Netherlands	-1	-2	-1	-12	0	0	1	0
New Zealand	-3	-5	0	..	-2	-10	-16	-6
Norway	2	2	3	6	2	1	4	-2
Poland	9	-	-	-	-	0	0	0
Portugal	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Romania	-	-	-	-	-	4	5	3
Slovak Republic	21	-	-	-	-	9	6	11
Slovenia	11	18	5	-	9	9	7	9
Spain	-1	3	-6	-9	7	1	1	1
Sweden	-11	-12	-10	-17	-8	-1	-1	-1
Switzerland	-2	-3	-1	-1	-3	-3	-2	-4
Türkiye	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
United Kingdom	-2	-3	-2	-10	4	1	2	-1
United States	-3	-3	-3	-1	-3	-2	-1	-2
OECD total	-1	0	-2	-3	-1	6	7	5
EU total	-1	2	-3	-8	-1	2	3	1

Note: ".." value is missing, "-" value is below the sample size threshold.

Source: Indicator 3.12.

Statlink