PISA 2018 Results (Volume V)

Annex B1. Results for countries and economies

Table V.B1.2.2 [1/4]. Brief or no attendance at pre-primary school, by students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile

Students who had not attended pre-primary school or who had attended for less than a year; results based on students’ reports

		All students			By student’s socio-economic status
					Disadvantaged students1			Advantaged students			Difference between advantaged and disadvantaged students
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	11.5	(0.4)	†	15.1	(0.9)		8.5	(0.6)		-6.6	(1.1)
	Austria	2.6	(0.3)		5.1	(0.8)		1.2	(0.3)		-3.8	(0.8)
	Belgium	1.6	(0.2)		3.5	(0.5)	†	0.5	(0.2)		-3.0	(0.5)	†
	Canada	14.6	(0.5)		21.2	(0.9)		8.9	(0.6)		-12.3	(1.1)
	Chile	4.5	(0.4)	†	8.7	(1.2)	†	1.8	(0.3)		-7.0	(1.3)	†
	Colombia	7.7	(0.5)		11.9	(1.1)		3.6	(0.5)		-8.3	(1.1)
	Czech Republic	2.8	(0.2)		5.6	(0.7)		1.3	(0.3)		-4.3	(0.7)
	Denmark	1.2	(0.2)		2.0	(0.3)		1.2	(0.5)		-0.9	(0.6)
	Estonia	4.1	(0.4)		7.7	(1.1)		2.4	(0.5)		-5.4	(1.1)
	Finland	2.3	(0.3)		3.9	(0.7)		1.2	(0.3)		-2.6	(0.8)
	France	1.5	(0.2)		2.8	(0.6)		0.8	(0.2)		-2.0	(0.7)
	Germany	2.2	(0.3)	†	4.5	(0.8)	†	1.0	(0.3)		-3.5	(0.8)	†
	Greece	2.7	(0.3)		4.5	(0.8)		1.7	(0.4)		-2.8	(0.8)
	Hungary	0.6	(0.1)		0.3	(0.2)		0.7	(0.3)		0.3	(0.4)
	Iceland	1.6	(0.2)	†	3.4	(0.7)	†	1.2	(0.4)		-2.2	(0.8)	†
	Ireland	10.3	(0.6)		15.1	(1.3)		6.6	(0.7)		-8.5	(1.4)
	Israel	1.2	(0.2)		2.8	(0.5)		0.5	(0.2)		-2.3	(0.6)
	Italy	3.3	(0.3)		5.1	(0.7)		2.4	(0.4)		-2.8	(0.8)
	Japan	0.3	(0.1)		0.7	(0.3)	†	0.2	(0.1)		-0.6	(0.3)	†
	Korea	3.6	(0.3)		4.5	(0.5)		2.7	(0.4)		-1.8	(0.7)
	Latvia	5.1	(0.4)		7.4	(1.0)		4.4	(0.6)		-3.0	(1.1)
	Lithuania	16.1	(0.8)		26.9	(1.9)		9.3	(0.8)		-17.6	(2.0)
	Luxembourg	5.2	(0.3)		8.2	(0.9)		2.4	(0.5)		-5.9	(1.0)
	Mexico	1.7	(0.3)		4.2	(0.9)		0.4	(0.2)		-3.8	(0.9)
	Netherlands	2.4	(0.3)		4.4	(0.8)		1.3	(0.3)		-3.1	(0.9)
	New Zealand	5.3	(0.4)		9.2	(1.0)		2.9	(0.4)		-6.2	(1.0)
	Norway	3.7	(0.3)	†	8.4	(0.9)	†	1.2	(0.3)		-7.2	(0.9)	†
	Poland	17.2	(1.1)		25.1	(1.8)		8.3	(1.1)		-16.7	(2.0)
	Portugal	7.2	(0.4)		11.1	(1.1)		3.7	(0.6)		-7.5	(1.1)
	Slovak Republic	4.5	(0.4)		11.0	(1.4)		2.1	(0.4)		-8.9	(1.5)
	Slovenia	10.3	(0.5)		19.7	(1.4)		5.2	(0.8)		-14.5	(1.6)
	Spain	2.3	(0.2)		4.0	(0.4)		1.4	(0.2)		-2.6	(0.4)
	Sweden	4.2	(0.3)		8.6	(0.9)		1.6	(0.4)		-7.0	(1.0)
	Switzerland	3.4	(0.4)		5.4	(0.8)		2.3	(0.5)		-3.1	(0.9)
	Turkey	37.0	(1.1)		54.4	(1.6)		13.8	(1.3)		-40.6	(2.0)
	United Kingdom	4.5	(0.3)	†	7.6	(0.7)	†	2.3	(0.4)		-5.3	(0.9)	†
	United States	18.2	(0.8)	†	26.9	(1.8)	†	8.6	(0.9)		-18.2	(2.0)	†
	OECD average	6.2	(0.1)		10.0	(0.2)		3.2	(0.1)		-6.8	(0.2)

1. A socio-economically disadvantaged (advantaged) student is a student in the bottom (top) quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in his or her own country/economy.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.2.2 [2/4]. Brief or no attendance at pre-primary school, by students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile

Students who had not attended pre-primary school or who had attended for less than a year; results based on students’ reports

		All students			By student’s socio-economic status
					Disadvantaged students1			Advantaged students			Difference between advantaged and disadvantaged students
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	12.7	(0.6)		13.8	(1.0)		12.5	(1.0)		-1.3	(1.4)
	Argentina	3.0	(0.3)		5.7	(0.9)		1.3	(0.3)		-4.4	(1.0)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	45.1	(0.9)		53.4	(1.4)		37.2	(1.8)		-16.2	(2.4)
	Belarus	4.5	(0.6)		7.8	(1.2)		2.5	(0.5)		-5.3	(1.3)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	58.9	(1.0)		74.1	(1.3)		41.0	(1.3)		-33.2	(1.9)
	Brazil	9.9	(0.4)	†	14.9	(0.8)		5.6	(0.6)		-9.3	(1.1)
	Brunei Darussalam	22.5	(0.6)		41.6	(1.5)	†	6.6	(0.7)		-35.1	(1.7)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	1.3	(0.2)		2.7	(0.5)		0.5	(0.3)		-2.2	(0.6)
	Bulgaria	5.1	(0.4)		6.4	(0.8)		5.3	(0.8)		-1.1	(1.1)
	Costa Rica	9.9	(0.6)		16.0	(1.2)		6.8	(0.8)		-9.2	(1.5)
	Croatia	16.3	(0.8)		27.4	(1.5)		6.4	(0.9)		-20.9	(1.4)
	Cyprus	2.6	(0.3)		3.7	(0.8)		1.7	(0.4)		-2.1	(1.0)
	Dominican Republic	18.9	(0.9)		28.4	(1.3)		10.0	(1.1)	†	-18.4	(1.5)	†
	Georgia	19.7	(0.9)		31.8	(2.0)		11.8	(1.0)		-20.0	(2.1)
	Hong Kong (China)	0.9	(0.2)		2.2	(0.8)		0.8	(0.3)		-1.3	(0.9)
	Indonesia	20.4	(1.4)		35.4	(2.4)		9.1	(1.2)		-26.3	(2.5)
	Jordan	11.6	(0.8)		19.8	(2.0)		7.3	(0.7)		-12.5	(2.0)
	Kazakhstan	48.7	(1.0)		62.8	(1.3)		34.5	(1.3)		-28.3	(1.5)
	Kosovo	33.2	(0.9)		41.2	(1.9)		25.0	(1.6)		-16.3	(2.4)
	Lebanon	10.4	(0.8)	†	12.5	(1.5)	†	7.6	(1.2)	†	-4.9	(1.9)	†
	Macao (China)	0.9	(0.2)		1.5	(0.4)		0.9	(0.4)		-0.6	(0.6)
	Malaysia	3.7	(0.3)		5.6	(0.6)		2.1	(0.4)		-3.5	(0.7)
	Malta	2.1	(0.3)		1.7	(0.5)		2.7	(0.5)		0.9	(0.7)
	Moldova	8.2	(0.8)		14.3	(1.7)		4.1	(0.5)		-10.2	(1.7)
	Montenegro	30.3	(0.6)		45.4	(1.3)		19.4	(1.0)		-26.0	(1.6)
	Morocco	27.0	(1.3)		41.0	(2.0)		14.1	(1.1)		-26.9	(2.2)
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	15.3	(0.7)		19.2	(1.3)		9.1	(1.0)		-10.1	(1.7)
	Peru	5.0	(0.4)		11.0	(1.3)		1.1	(0.3)		-9.9	(1.3)
	Philippines	11.4	(0.7)		17.7	(1.6)		6.4	(0.6)		-11.2	(1.7)
	Qatar	16.7	(0.4)	†	34.5	(0.9)	†	7.9	(0.6)		-26.6	(1.0)	†
	Romania	2.3	(0.3)		5.3	(0.9)		0.9	(0.2)		-4.4	(1.0)
	Russia	13.9	(1.0)		21.8	(2.1)		9.4	(0.8)		-12.4	(2.3)
	Saudi Arabia	51.7	(1.5)	†	77.9	(1.6)	†	27.8	(1.6)	†	-50.1	(2.1)	†
	Serbia	2.5	(0.2)		2.0	(0.3)		2.8	(0.5)		0.8	(0.6)
	Singapore	1.7	(0.2)		2.7	(0.5)	†	1.3	(0.4)		-1.4	(0.6)	†
	Chinese Taipei	1.4	(0.2)	†	2.4	(0.5)	†	1.6	(0.4)		-0.8	(0.6)	†
	Thailand	1.2	(0.2)		1.2	(0.4)		0.8	(0.2)		-0.4	(0.5)
	Ukraine	18.5	(0.9)		27.3	(2.1)		13.2	(1.2)		-14.2	(2.4)
United Arab Emirates	9.1	(0.3)	†	16.4	(0.8)	†	4.8	(0.7)		-11.5	(1.0)	†
Uruguay	3.3	(0.3)		5.7	(0.7)		1.7	(0.3)		-4.1	(0.8)
Viet Nam	3.4	(0.5)		5.5	(1.2)		1.8	(0.3)		-3.7	(1.3)

1. A socio-economically disadvantaged (advantaged) student is a student in the bottom (top) quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in his or her own country/economy.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.2.2 [3/4]. Brief or no attendance at pre-primary school, by students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile

Students who had not attended pre-primary school or who had attended for less than a year; results based on students’ reports

		By school’s socio-economic profile
		Disadvantaged schools1			Advantaged schools			Difference between advantaged and disadvantaged schools
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	14.5	(0.9)	†	8.3	(0.8)		-6.2	(1.2)	†
	Austria	4.9	(0.6)	†	1.7	(0.4)		-3.1	(0.7)	†
	Belgium	3.5	(0.6)	†	0.9	(0.2)		-2.7	(0.7)	†
	Canada	18.1	(0.9)	†	8.6	(0.8)		-9.5	(1.2)	†
	Chile	9.1	(1.2)	†	2.2	(0.4)		-6.9	(1.3)	†
	Colombia	12.2	(1.3)		3.3	(0.5)		-8.9	(1.4)
	Czech Republic	5.8	(0.8)		1.5	(0.3)		-4.3	(0.8)
	Denmark	1.7	(0.3)	†	0.8	(0.5)		-0.8	(0.5)	†
	Estonia	7.4	(1.4)		2.8	(0.4)		-4.7	(1.5)
	Finland	3.6	(0.7)		1.3	(0.3)		-2.3	(0.7)
	France	4.5	(0.8)	†	0.3	(0.2)		-4.2	(0.8)	†
	Germany	4.1	(0.8)	†	1.1	(0.4)		-3.0	(0.9)	†
	Greece	5.5	(0.8)		1.4	(0.3)		-4.1	(0.9)
	Hungary	0.8	(0.3)		0.4	(0.2)		-0.3	(0.4)
	Iceland	2.1	(0.5)	†	1.1	(0.4)		-1.0	(0.6)	†
	Ireland	16.0	(1.6)		6.6	(0.7)		-9.4	(1.8)
	Israel	2.7	(0.5)	†	0.4	(0.2)		-2.3	(0.6)	†
	Italy	5.0	(0.7)		1.8	(0.4)		-3.2	(0.8)
	Japan	0.7	(0.3)	†	0.1	(0.1)		-0.6	(0.3)	†
	Korea	5.0	(0.8)		2.8	(0.5)		-2.2	(1.0)
	Latvia	6.7	(1.0)		5.2	(0.8)		-1.5	(1.4)
	Lithuania	30.9	(2.3)		6.9	(0.8)		-24.0	(2.4)
	Luxembourg	8.5	(0.9)	†	3.0	(0.5)		-5.5	(1.0)	†
	Mexico	3.9	(0.8)		0.3	(0.1)		-3.6	(0.9)
	Netherlands	3.9	(0.7)		1.9	(0.4)		-2.0	(0.8)
	New Zealand	8.9	(1.1)		3.3	(0.5)		-5.6	(1.2)
	Norway	5.2	(0.7)	†	3.0	(0.6)	†	-2.2	(0.9)	†
	Poland	21.6	(2.5)		9.7	(1.2)		-12.0	(3.0)
	Portugal	10.7	(1.3)		3.8	(0.8)		-6.9	(1.5)
	Slovak Republic	10.8	(1.4)		1.8	(0.4)		-9.0	(1.5)
	Slovenia	15.1	(1.3)		5.7	(0.9)		-9.4	(1.6)
	Spain	2.7	(0.3)		1.3	(0.2)		-1.5	(0.4)
	Sweden	8.2	(0.9)		1.2	(0.3)		-7.0	(1.0)
	Switzerland	5.0	(0.7)		2.6	(0.8)		-2.4	(1.1)
	Turkey	44.2	(2.2)		18.3	(1.9)		-25.9	(2.8)
	United Kingdom	7.0	(0.9)	†	3.0	(0.5)		-4.1	(1.0)	†
	United States	23.8	(1.9)	†	10.8	(1.4)	†	-13.0	(2.5)	†
	OECD average	9.3	(0.2)		3.5	(0.1)		-5.8	(0.2)

1. A socio-economically disadvantaged (advantaged) student is a student in the bottom (top) quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in his or her own country/economy.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.2.2 [4/4]. Brief or no attendance at pre-primary school, by students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile

Students who had not attended pre-primary school or who had attended for less than a year; results based on students’ reports

		By school’s socio-economic profile
		Disadvantaged schools1			Advantaged schools			Difference between advantaged and disadvantaged schools
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	15.7	(1.4)		11.5	(1.1)		-4.2	(1.9)
	Argentina	6.8	(1.1)		0.8	(0.2)		-6.0	(1.1)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	52.0	(1.5)		35.4	(2.3)		-16.6	(2.6)
	Belarus	7.9	(2.0)		2.5	(0.4)		-5.4	(2.0)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	68.5	(2.0)		48.8	(1.9)		-19.7	(2.9)
	Brazil	12.9	(1.2)	†	4.9	(0.7)		-8.0	(1.4)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	38.6	(1.5)	†	5.0	(0.5)		-33.6	(1.5)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	2.4	(0.5)		0.6	(0.2)		-1.8	(0.5)
	Bulgaria	6.5	(0.9)		5.4	(0.6)		-1.1	(1.1)
	Costa Rica	14.8	(1.4)		4.7	(0.7)		-10.2	(1.6)
	Croatia	25.6	(2.1)		8.3	(1.3)		-17.3	(2.5)
	Cyprus	2.8	(0.8)	†	4.4	(0.6)		1.6	(1.0)	†
	Dominican Republic	27.1	(1.7)		6.3	(0.6)	†	-20.8	(1.8)	†
	Georgia	38.8	(3.0)		8.9	(1.1)		-29.9	(3.0)
	Hong Kong (China)	2.2	(0.8)	†	0.7	(0.3)		-1.5	(0.9)	†
	Indonesia	34.6	(3.2)		8.2	(1.4)		-26.4	(3.5)
	Jordan	18.2	(2.6)		8.2	(0.9)		-10.0	(2.7)
	Kazakhstan	61.3	(2.3)		29.3	(1.7)		-32.0	(2.9)
	Kosovo	33.8	(2.3)		32.4	(1.8)		-1.4	(2.9)
	Lebanon	11.1	(1.7)	†	9.6	(1.6)	†	-1.5	(2.4)	†
	Macao (China)	1.6	(0.5)		0.8	(0.3)		-0.8	(0.6)
	Malaysia	5.1	(0.7)		1.9	(0.4)		-3.2	(0.8)
	Malta	1.4	(0.5)		3.5	(0.7)		2.0	(0.9)
	Moldova	15.1	(2.9)		4.2	(0.6)		-10.9	(2.9)
	Montenegro	40.7	(1.5)		19.0	(1.1)		-21.7	(1.9)
	Morocco	43.4	(2.5)		10.8	(1.4)		-32.5	(2.8)
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	18.9	(1.5)		9.1	(1.0)		-9.8	(1.7)
	Peru	10.3	(1.3)		1.0	(0.3)		-9.3	(1.3)
	Philippines	14.8	(1.9)		5.6	(0.7)		-9.2	(2.1)
	Qatar	34.5	(0.9)	†	5.4	(0.5)	†	-29.0	(1.0)	†
	Romania	4.9	(1.0)		0.8	(0.3)		-4.1	(1.1)
	Russia	21.8	(2.6)		10.9	(0.8)		-10.8	(2.9)
	Saudi Arabia	74.5	(1.9)	†	28.1	(2.1)	†	-46.5	(2.9)	†
	Serbia	2.0	(0.3)		3.0	(0.4)		1.0	(0.5)
	Singapore	2.0	(0.4)	†	2.0	(0.5)		0.1	(0.6)	†
	Chinese Taipei	1.7	(0.3)	†	1.5	(0.3)		-0.2	(0.4)	†
	Thailand	1.6	(0.6)		0.4	(0.1)		-1.3	(0.6)
Ukraine	28.0	(3.0)		12.5	(1.4)		-15.5	(3.3)
United Arab Emirates	16.6	(0.8)	†	4.6	(0.6)		-12.0	(0.9)	†
Uruguay	6.0	(0.7)		0.7	(0.3)		-5.3	(0.7)
Viet Nam	4.8	(1.3)		3.2	(0.7)		-1.5	(1.5)

1. A socio-economically disadvantaged (advantaged) student is a student in the bottom (top) quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in his or her own country/economy.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.2.10 [1/8]. Grade repetition, school characteristics and reading performance

Results based on principals’ reports

		All students						By school socio-economic profile1
		Average			Variability			Bottom quarter			Second quarter			Third quarter			Top quarter			Top - bottom quarter
		%	S.E.	x	S.D.	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	5.9	(0.2)		23.5	(0.4)		8.0	(0.6)		5.5	(0.5)		5.3	(0.4)		4.6	(0.5)		-3.4	(0.8)
	Austria	14.4	(0.6)		35.1	(0.7)		23.8	(2.0)		15.3	(1.7)		8.8	(1.2)		10.3	(1.2)		-13.5	(2.1)
	Belgium	30.8	(0.7)		46.2	(0.3)		58.4	(2.0)		38.2	(1.6)		21.4	(1.6)		10.3	(0.9)		-48.1	(2.0)
	Canada	5.4	(0.3)		22.6	(0.5)		10.8	(1.0)		5.4	(0.6)		3.7	(0.4)		2.1	(0.3)		-8.7	(1.0)
	Chile	23.2	(0.9)		42.2	(0.6)		35.6	(2.5)		29.7	(2.0)		18.8	(2.4)		9.1	(1.0)		-26.5	(2.8)
	Colombia	40.8	(1.0)		49.2	(0.2)		45.3	(2.2)		46.4	(2.2)		43.0	(2.3)		28.7	(2.4)		-16.5	(3.3)
	Czech Republic	4.6	(0.5)		20.9	(1.2)		12.3	(1.9)		3.1	(0.8)		2.3	(0.6)		1.0	(0.3)		-11.3	(2.0)
	Denmark	3.2	(0.2)		17.5	(0.6)		5.1	(0.6)		3.0	(0.5)		3.3	(0.6)		1.4	(0.4)		-3.7	(0.7)
	Estonia	2.9	(0.3)		16.8	(0.8)		4.6	(0.9)		2.8	(0.5)		2.6	(0.4)		1.5	(0.4)		-3.1	(1.0)
	Finland	3.3	(0.2)		17.9	(0.6)		4.5	(0.6)		3.4	(0.6)		2.8	(0.5)		2.7	(0.4)		-1.9	(0.7)
	France	16.6	(0.6)		37.2	(0.6)		48.5	(2.9)		12.2	(2.7)		3.7	(1.6)		2.1	(0.9)		-46.4	(3.3)
	Germany	19.6	(0.9)		39.7	(0.7)		33.6	(2.8)		22.8	(2.4)		16.7	(1.7)		7.8	(1.4)		-25.8	(3.1)
	Greece	4.0	(0.5)		19.6	(1.1)		12.5	(1.7)		1.8	(0.6)		1.2	(0.5)		0.7	(0.4)		-11.8	(1.8)
	Hungary	8.5	(0.4)		27.9	(0.6)		23.5	(2.0)		5.6	(1.6)		3.0	(0.8)		2.0	(0.5)		-21.6	(2.1)
	Iceland	0.9	(0.2)		9.5	(0.9)		1.3	(0.4)		1.1	(0.4)		0.9	(0.3)		0.4	(0.2)		-1.0	(0.5)
	Ireland	6.1	(0.4)		24.0	(0.8)		9.0	(1.4)		4.9	(1.1)		6.2	(0.9)		4.5	(0.6)		-4.5	(1.5)
	Israel	9.0	(0.7)		28.7	(1.0)		25.0	(1.7)		8.8	(2.6)		2.6	(1.1)		1.0	(0.3)		-24.0	(1.7)
	Italy	13.2	(0.5)		33.9	(0.6)		25.7	(1.6)		14.9	(1.3)		8.4	(1.0)		3.9	(0.6)		-21.8	(1.7)
	Japan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Korea	4.5	(0.3)		20.6	(0.6)		5.6	(0.7)		4.2	(0.6)		4.2	(0.6)		3.8	(0.5)		-1.8	(0.9)
	Latvia	3.7	(0.3)		18.9	(0.8)		7.3	(0.9)		4.5	(0.8)		1.7	(0.4)		1.3	(0.3)		-6.1	(1.0)
	Lithuania	2.0	(0.2)		14.1	(0.7)		4.4	(0.7)		1.5	(0.5)		1.4	(0.5)		0.8	(0.2)		-3.6	(0.8)
	Luxembourg	32.2	(0.6)		46.7	(0.2)		50.1	(1.2)		42.9	(1.2)		24.2	(1.1)		11.8	(0.8)		-38.2	(1.5)
	Mexico	15.0	(0.9)		35.7	(0.9)		31.3	(4.4)		9.8	(3.0)		13.4	(3.9)		5.0	(1.4)		-26.2	(4.5)
	Netherlands	17.3	(0.7)		37.8	(0.6)		26.9	(1.7)		22.6	(1.9)		13.0	(1.6)		11.4	(1.3)		-15.6	(2.1)
	New Zealand	5.6	(0.3)		22.9	(0.6)		6.9	(0.8)		4.4	(0.8)		5.9	(0.7)		5.1	(0.7)		-1.9	(1.1)
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	3.3	(0.3)		17.8	(0.9)		5.5	(1.0)		3.8	(1.0)		3.1	(0.9)		0.7	(0.2)		-4.8	(1.0)
	Portugal	26.6	(1.2)		44.2	(0.7)		46.7	(3.9)		28.6	(4.2)		22.4	(4.3)		8.7	(1.1)		-38.1	(3.9)
	Slovak Republic	5.5	(0.5)		22.9	(0.9)		16.0	(1.9)		4.4	(0.7)		2.2	(0.5)		0.5	(0.3)		-15.5	(1.9)
	Slovenia	3.6	(0.5)		18.6	(1.2)		8.4	(2.0)		3.4	(1.2)		2.2	(0.8)		0.6	(0.3)		-7.8	(2.1)
	Spain	28.7	(0.5)		45.2	(0.3)		43.3	(1.2)		32.3	(1.4)		24.6	(1.2)		14.7	(0.7)		-28.5	(1.4)
	Sweden	3.5	(0.3)		18.3	(0.8)		7.6	(1.1)		2.9	(0.4)		2.3	(0.4)		1.1	(0.3)		-6.5	(1.1)
	Switzerland	17.6	(0.8)		38.1	(0.7)		27.5	(2.4)		20.9	(2.4)		13.9	(2.1)		8.1	(1.3)		-19.4	(3.1)
	Turkey	7.4	(0.5)		26.2	(0.8)		14.3	(1.7)		6.9	(1.5)		6.2	(1.1)		2.1	(0.7)		-12.3	(1.9)
	United Kingdom	2.5	(0.3)		15.7	(0.8)		4.8	(0.8)		2.0	(0.8)		1.3	(0.3)		2.1	(0.4)		-2.7	(0.8)
	United States	9.1	(0.6)		28.8	(0.9)		14.9	(1.3)		12.4	(1.4)		6.4	(1.1)		3.0	(0.6)		-11.9	(1.4)
	OECD average	11.4	(0.1)		28.1	(0.1)		20.3	(0.3)		12.3	(0.3)		8.7	(0.2)		5.0	(0.1)		-15.3	(0.3)

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. This analysis is restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimerNote: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table V.B1.2.10 [2/8]. Grade repetition, school characteristics and reading performance

Results based on principals’ reports

		All students						By school socio-economic profile1
		Average			Variability			Bottom quarter			Second quarter			Third quarter			Top quarter			Top - bottom quarter
		%	S.E.	x	S.D.	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	3.3	(0.3)		17.8	(0.8)		7.0	(1.0)		2.7	(0.5)		1.9	(0.4)		1.6	(0.6)		-5.3	(1.2)
	Argentina	29.2	(1.1)		45.5	(0.5)		49.5	(2.3)		36.3	(3.1)		22.7	(2.1)		9.1	(1.4)		-40.3	(2.4)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	2.7	(0.2)		16.3	(0.6)		3.4	(0.7)		2.7	(0.4)		2.7	(0.4)		2.2	(0.4)		-1.2	(0.8)
	Belarus	1.4	(0.2)		11.9	(0.7)		1.7	(0.4)		2.1	(0.5)		1.2	(0.5)		0.8	(0.2)		-1.0	(0.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1.9	(0.2)		13.6	(0.7)		3.0	(0.5)		2.7	(0.7)		1.2	(0.4)		0.6	(0.2)		-2.4	(0.6)
	Brazil	34.1	(1.0)		47.4	(0.3)		51.8	(2.4)		36.5	(2.1)		31.7	(2.1)		16.7	(1.4)		-35.1	(2.8)
	Brunei Darussalam	12.0	(0.3)		32.5	(0.3)		15.5	(0.7)		14.1	(0.7)		12.9	(0.7)		5.5	(0.4)		-10.0	(0.8)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	8.3	(0.7)		27.6	(1.1)		18.3	(2.2)		6.4	(2.1)		6.7	(1.4)		1.8	(0.5)		-16.5	(2.3)
	Bulgaria	4.5	(0.5)		20.7	(1.1)		10.8	(1.5)		3.3	(1.7)		3.0	(0.8)		0.9	(0.3)		-10.0	(1.5)
	Costa Rica	28.1	(1.2)		44.9	(0.6)		38.1	(2.4)		32.3	(1.9)		31.1	(2.9)		10.6	(2.8)		-27.6	(3.6)
	Croatia	1.5	(0.2)		12.3	(0.7)		2.7	(0.5)		1.6	(0.4)		1.6	(0.4)		0.2	(0.1)		-2.5	(0.5)
	Cyprus	3.9	(0.4)		19.5	(1.0)		8.5	(1.3)		1.3	(0.3)		2.5	(0.4)		3.5	(0.5)		-5.1	(1.2)
	Dominican Republic	32.5	(1.2)		46.8	(0.5)		47.1	(2.7)		38.3	(2.5)		33.5	(3.5)		11.7	(2.2)		-35.4	(3.6)
	Georgia	3.3	(0.3)		17.8	(0.8)		5.4	(0.9)		3.4	(0.6)		2.5	(0.6)		1.8	(0.3)		-3.6	(1.0)
	Hong Kong (China)	15.7	(0.7)		36.4	(0.6)		27.0	(2.2)		15.2	(1.8)		12.8	(1.5)		8.0	(1.0)		-19.0	(2.3)
	Indonesia	15.5	(0.9)		36.2	(0.9)		19.9	(2.9)		21.7	(2.4)		14.2	(1.9)		5.7	(1.7)		-14.2	(3.3)
	Jordan	10.8	(0.6)		31.0	(0.7)		17.7	(1.9)		10.3	(1.3)		9.2	(1.2)		6.1	(0.9)		-11.6	(2.2)
	Kazakhstan	3.1	(0.2)		17.4	(0.5)		3.7	(0.6)		3.9	(0.5)		2.9	(0.4)		1.9	(0.3)		-1.8	(0.6)
	Kosovo	4.5	(0.3)		20.7	(0.7)		8.1	(0.9)		5.0	(0.8)		3.7	(0.7)		1.2	(0.5)		-6.8	(1.0)
	Lebanon	34.5	(1.8)		47.5	(0.6)		62.9	(3.9)		33.9	(3.1)		27.1	(4.2)		19.2	(3.9)		-43.7	(5.5)
	Macao (China)	30.1	(0.4)		45.9	(0.2)		43.5	(1.0)		30.3	(1.0)		30.6	(1.0)		15.9	(0.8)		-27.5	(1.4)
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	5.5	(0.4)		22.7	(0.7)		7.4	(0.9)		5.7	(0.7)		4.9	(0.6)		4.0	(0.6)		-3.4	(1.2)
	Moldova	2.6	(0.3)		15.9	(0.7)		4.4	(0.7)		3.0	(0.5)		2.0	(0.5)		1.0	(0.3)		-3.3	(0.7)
	Montenegro	1.6	(0.2)		12.4	(0.6)		2.8	(0.5)		1.4	(0.3)		0.8	(0.2)		1.1	(0.2)		-1.7	(0.5)
	Morocco	49.3	(2.8)		50.0	(0.1)		71.5	(4.9)		67.9	(5.4)		49.2	(8.0)		9.1	(4.0)		-62.4	(5.5)
	North Macedonia	3.2	(0.2)		17.5	(0.6)		6.3	(0.8)		3.5	(0.5)		1.9	(0.4)		1.1	(0.3)		-5.1	(0.9)
	Panama	26.5	(1.2)		44.1	(0.6)		42.3	(3.9)		32.7	(4.1)		22.1	(1.9)		9.9	(1.1)		-32.5	(3.9)
	Peru	20.8	(0.8)		40.6	(0.6)		31.1	(1.2)		28.3	(2.0)		17.7	(2.0)		6.5	(0.9)		-24.6	(1.6)
	Philippines	21.1	(1.0)		40.8	(0.7)		28.8	(2.2)		26.3	(1.9)		20.7	(1.3)		8.5	(1.6)		-20.3	(2.3)
	Qatar	17.1	(0.3)		37.7	(0.2)		36.1	(0.7)		15.5	(0.6)		9.7	(0.5)		7.5	(0.4)		-28.6	(0.8)
	Romania	4.5	(0.7)		20.6	(1.5)		12.7	(2.6)		3.3	(0.9)		1.0	(0.4)		0.9	(0.4)		-11.8	(2.6)
	Russia	1.7	(0.2)		13.1	(0.7)		3.1	(0.5)		1.7	(0.5)		1.2	(0.4)		0.9	(0.2)		-2.2	(0.7)
	Saudi Arabia	11.4	(1.1)		31.8	(1.3)		24.2	(3.1)		12.9	(2.6)		5.3	(1.4)		3.3	(0.6)		-20.9	(3.2)
	Serbia	1.4	(0.2)		11.9	(0.8)		2.9	(0.7)		1.5	(0.4)		0.9	(0.4)		0.4	(0.2)		-2.5	(0.8)
	Singapore	4.8	(0.2)		21.4	(0.5)		6.8	(0.4)		4.2	(0.4)		4.1	(0.5)		4.0	(0.7)		-2.8	(0.8)
	Chinese Taipei	0.9	(0.1)		9.4	(0.7)		1.1	(0.2)		1.1	(0.4)		0.5	(0.4)		0.9	(0.4)		-0.2	(0.5)
	Thailand	6.8	(0.5)		25.1	(0.8)		9.4	(1.6)		8.3	(1.1)		6.2	(1.0)		3.1	(0.6)		-6.4	(1.7)
Ukraine	1.6	(0.2)		12.6	(0.8)		2.4	(0.5)		2.0	(0.5)		1.1	(0.4)		0.9	(0.3)		-1.5	(0.6)
United Arab Emirates	10.2	(0.3)		30.3	(0.4)		16.5	(0.8)		9.3	(0.6)		8.1	(0.6)		7.1	(0.7)		-9.4	(1.1)
Uruguay	33.4	(1.1)		47.2	(0.4)		66.8	(4.2)		44.4	(5.2)		16.2	(3.9)		5.5	(1.2)		-61.4	(4.2)
Viet Nam	4.9	(1.2)		21.6	(2.6)		12.1	(3.3)		2.1	(0.9)		0.7	(0.8)		4.7	(3.3)		-7.4	(4.8)

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. This analysis is restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimerNote: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table V.B1.2.10 [3/8]. Grade repetition, school characteristics and reading performance

Results based on principals’ reports

		By school location
		Rural area or village (fewer than 3 000 people)			Town (3 000 to 100 000 people)			City (over 100 000 people)			City - rural area
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	9.9	(1.4)		6.1	(0.5)		5.6	(0.3)		-4.2	(1.4)
	Austria	16.3	(3.3)		12.7	(0.9)		17.4	(1.3)		1.0	(3.4)
	Belgium	m	m		26.8	(1.1)		42.9	(2.2)		m	m
	Canada	5.6	(1.2)		6.2	(0.5)		4.8	(0.4)		-0.8	(1.4)
	Chile	47.8	(5.4)		23.4	(1.7)		20.7	(1.2)		-27.2	(5.5)
	Colombia	47.3	(4.2)		41.3	(2.1)		38.7	(1.3)		-8.7	(4.5)
	Czech Republic	9.6	(1.9)		4.6	(0.7)		3.3	(1.2)		-6.3	(2.3)
	Denmark	2.1	(0.5)		3.3	(0.4)		3.2	(0.6)		1.2	(0.8)
	Estonia	4.9	(0.9)		2.3	(0.3)		2.3	(0.5)		-2.6	(1.1)
	Finland	4.6	(1.3)		3.2	(0.3)		3.3	(0.4)		-1.3	(1.4)
	France	59.3	(14.2)		14.4	(1.5)		15.5	(3.6)		-43.8	(15.1)
	Germany	m	m		19.7	(1.2)		19.7	(2.1)		m	m
	Greece	7.5	(2.8)		3.7	(0.7)		3.5	(0.9)		-3.9	(3.0)
	Hungary	60.4	(6.8)		8.4	(0.9)		3.6	(0.5)		-56.8	(6.8)
	Iceland	1.4	(0.5)		1.0	(0.2)		0.5	(0.2)		-0.9	(0.6)
	Ireland	7.6	(0.8)		6.3	(0.7)		4.8	(0.7)		-2.8	(1.0)
	Israel	12.6	(3.5)		12.5	(1.6)		3.8	(1.2)		-8.8	(3.7)
	Italy	12.5	(3.8)		12.6	(0.8)		14.5	(1.5)		2.0	(4.0)
	Japan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Korea	m	m		5.6	(1.0)		4.3	(0.2)		m	m
	Latvia	6.5	(1.1)		3.4	(0.4)		2.5	(0.6)		-3.9	(1.3)
	Lithuania	3.2	(0.5)		2.2	(0.4)		1.2	(0.3)		-2.0	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	m	m		37.9	(0.8)		24.2	(0.7)		m	m
	Mexico	29.7	(3.9)		13.2	(3.1)		10.9	(1.5)		-18.8	(4.5)
	Netherlands	m	m		16.7	(0.8)		18.1	(1.7)		m	m
	New Zealand	5.6	(1.7)		6.2	(0.5)		5.0	(0.5)		-0.6	(1.8)
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	3.3	(0.7)		2.9	(0.4)		4.1	(1.1)		0.8	(1.3)
	Portugal	68.9	(12.7)		29.1	(1.7)		16.6	(2.8)		-52.3	(12.3)
	Slovak Republic	17.4	(2.2)		3.6	(0.6)		1.7	(0.5)		-15.7	(2.3)
	Slovenia	10.6	(4.3)		3.4	(0.7)		2.3	(0.5)		-8.4	(4.4)
	Spain	34.5	(2.9)		29.7	(0.7)		26.8	(1.2)		-7.6	(3.0)
	Sweden	1.7	(0.5)		3.2	(0.4)		4.2	(0.9)		2.5	(1.0)
	Switzerland	15.6	(2.6)		18.9	(1.2)		12.1	(3.2)		-3.5	(4.5)
	Turkey	m	m		9.6	(1.1)		6.2	(0.8)		m	m
	United Kingdom	2.1	(0.9)		1.9	(0.3)		3.6	(0.5)		1.5	(1.0)
	United States	9.4	(2.5)		8.5	(0.6)		8.6	(1.1)		-0.8	(2.7)
	OECD average	17.9	(0.8)		11.6	(0.2)		10.3	(0.2)		-9.4	(0.9)

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. This analysis is restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimerNote: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table V.B1.2.10 [4/8]. Grade repetition, school characteristics and reading performance

Results based on principals’ reports

		By school location
		Rural area or village (fewer than 3 000 people)			Town (3 000 to 100 000 people)			City (over 100 000 people)			City - rural area
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	4.2	(0.7)		3.9	(0.6)		1.7	(0.4)		-2.4	(0.8)
	Argentina	44.8	(5.0)		27.8	(1.5)		28.6	(1.8)		-16.1	(5.4)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		2.6	(0.3)		2.6	(0.3)		m	m
	Belarus	2.3	(0.5)		1.7	(0.4)		1.0	(0.2)		-1.3	(0.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	3.8	(1.1)		1.9	(0.2)		1.2	(0.4)		-2.6	(1.1)
	Brazil	58.6	(7.0)		34.1	(1.8)		31.9	(1.5)		-26.7	(7.1)
	Brunei Darussalam	20.4	(1.2)		10.7	(0.4)		10.6	(1.0)		-9.7	(1.6)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	19.9	(4.9)		10.5	(1.4)		5.2	(0.7)		-14.7	(4.9)
	Bulgaria	11.1	(3.3)		5.2	(0.8)		2.8	(0.5)		-8.3	(3.4)
	Costa Rica	31.5	(2.5)		28.0	(1.5)		23.8	(4.0)		-7.7	(4.8)
	Croatia	m	m		1.6	(0.3)		1.3	(0.2)		m	m
	Cyprus	3.6	(2.4)		4.2	(0.5)		3.5	(0.6)		-0.1	(2.4)
	Dominican Republic	44.4	(3.5)		34.7	(2.1)		24.6	(2.4)		-19.8	(4.4)
	Georgia	4.9	(0.7)		3.2	(0.7)		2.3	(0.3)		-2.7	(0.8)
	Hong Kong (China)	m	m		19.5	(3.1)		15.2	(1.2)		m	m
	Indonesia	21.4	(2.5)		13.7	(1.4)		8.8	(2.9)		-12.6	(3.9)
	Jordan	17.1	(2.6)		12.3	(0.9)		7.6	(0.7)		-9.4	(2.7)
	Kazakhstan	4.4	(0.4)		3.2	(0.5)		2.3	(0.2)		-2.1	(0.4)
	Kosovo	10.9	(1.7)		4.0	(0.3)		2.3	(0.5)		-8.5	(1.8)
	Lebanon	52.4	(5.8)		32.1	(2.1)		24.6	(3.5)		-27.7	(6.7)
	Macao (China)	m	m		m	m		30.0	(0.4)		m	m
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	3.1	(0.8)		5.7	(0.4)		m	m		m	m
	Moldova	3.1	(0.4)		2.6	(0.5)		1.5	(0.3)		-1.6	(0.5)
	Montenegro	m	m		1.4	(0.2)		1.7	(0.3)		m	m
	Morocco	62.9	(5.7)		54.6	(5.1)		39.2	(4.5)		-23.7	(7.1)
	North Macedonia	m	m		3.4	(0.4)		2.8	(0.4)		m	m
	Panama	50.1	(5.3)		23.4	(2.1)		17.9	(2.0)		-32.2	(5.7)
	Peru	29.4	(1.5)		18.9	(1.0)		11.9	(1.8)		-17.5	(2.3)
	Philippines	27.3	(2.8)		22.9	(1.5)		18.3	(1.3)		-9.1	(3.1)
	Qatar	23.8	(1.7)		21.7	(0.5)		13.7	(0.3)		-10.2	(1.7)
	Romania	22.5	(6.8)		2.9	(0.6)		2.6	(0.6)		-19.8	(6.7)
	Russia	3.6	(1.1)		1.8	(0.3)		1.2	(0.2)		-2.4	(1.2)
	Saudi Arabia	18.2	(4.7)		14.3	(2.9)		9.1	(1.2)		-9.0	(4.7)
	Serbia	m	m		1.5	(0.3)		1.1	(0.2)		m	m
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		4.8	(0.2)		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	0.7	(0.5)		0.9	(0.2)		0.9	(0.2)		0.1	(0.5)
	Thailand	10.3	(1.7)		7.3	(0.8)		4.5	(0.7)		-5.8	(1.8)
Ukraine	2.6	(0.7)		1.8	(0.4)		1.1	(0.2)		-1.5	(0.7)
United Arab Emirates	10.6	(1.1)		12.6	(0.5)		9.0	(0.4)		-1.6	(1.2)
Uruguay	35.4	(6.0)		33.7	(2.3)		32.7	(2.6)		-2.7	(6.6)
Viet Nam	7.9	(2.3)		2.0	(0.4)		4.9	(4.0)		-2.9	(4.6)

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. This analysis is restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimerNote: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table V.B1.2.10 [5/8]. Grade repetition, school characteristics and reading performance

Results based on principals’ reports

		By type of school									By education level
		Public			Private			Private - public			Lower secondary (ISCED 2)			Upper secondary (ISCED 3)			ISCED 3 - ISCED 2
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	6.3	(0.3)		5.2	(0.4)		-1.0	(0.5)		6.1	(0.3)		2.8	(0.6)		-3.3	(0.6)
	Austria	14.7	(0.7)		12.8	(3.1)		-1.9	(3.4)		74.6	(3.7)		10.4	(0.5)		-64.1	(3.8)
	Belgium	m	m		m	m		m	m		92.0	(1.6)	†	27.3	(0.7)		-64.7	(1.7)	†
	Canada	5.5	(0.3)		4.1	(0.6)		-1.5	(0.7)		31.9	(1.5)		2.3	(0.2)		-29.6	(1.5)
	Chile	29.9	(1.8)		19.6	(1.2)		-10.2	(2.1)		94.2	(2.0)		19.3	(0.8)		-75.0	(2.1)
	Colombia	43.6	(1.1)		29.3	(2.9)		-14.3	(3.2)		82.9	(1.2)		14.6	(0.7)		-68.3	(1.4)
	Czech Republic	4.7	(0.6)		4.3	(2.5)		-0.4	(2.5)		7.1	(0.9)		1.8	(0.3)		-5.3	(0.9)
	Denmark	3.4	(0.3)		2.4	(0.5)		-1.0	(0.6)		3.2	(0.2)		m	m		m	m
	Estonia	2.9	(0.3)		2.0	(1.5)		-1.0	(1.5)		2.9	(0.3)		3.9	(3.6)		1.0	(3.6)
	Finland	3.4	(0.2)		2.0	(0.6)		-1.4	(0.7)		3.3	(0.2)		m	m		m	m
	France	17.3	(0.6)		13.7	(2.0)		-3.7	(2.1)		91.5	(1.3)		0.7	(0.1)		-90.8	(1.3)
	Germany	20.0	(1.0)		8.6	(2.9)		-11.4	(3.1)		20.2	(0.9)		1.7	(1.1)		-18.5	(1.4)
	Greece	4.2	(0.5)		0.0	c		-4.2	(0.5)		66.1	(5.3)		1.2	(0.2)		-65.0	(5.3)
	Hungary	9.3	(0.6)		4.2	(0.9)		-5.1	(1.2)		57.3	(3.7)		3.1	(0.3)		-54.3	(3.8)
	Iceland	0.9	(0.2)		m	m		m	m		0.9	(0.2)		m	m		m	m
	Ireland	6.4	(0.7)		5.9	(0.5)		-0.5	(0.8)		9.2	(0.6)		0.7	(0.2)		-8.5	(0.6)
	Israel	9.0	(0.7)		m	m		m	m		10.6	(1.6)		8.8	(0.7)		-1.7	(1.7)
	Italy	13.2	(0.6)		12.4	(4.3)		-0.8	(4.6)		89.0	(6.4)		12.5	(0.5)		-76.5	(6.5)
	Japan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Korea	4.3	(0.3)		4.8	(0.4)		0.5	(0.5)		4.0	(0.7)		4.5	(0.3)		0.5	(0.7)
	Latvia	3.7	(0.3)		7.3	(6.7)		3.7	(6.7)		3.8	(0.3)		1.5	(1.3)		-2.3	(1.5)
	Lithuania	2.1	(0.2)		0.5	(0.4)		-1.6	(0.4)		2.0	(0.2)		m	m		m	m
	Luxembourg	32.6	(0.6)		30.2	(1.0)		-2.4	(1.1)		55.2	(1.0)		3.5	(0.3)		-51.7	(1.1)
	Mexico	16.3	(1.0)		5.7	(1.5)		-10.6	(1.9)		66.4	(3.4)		1.3	(0.2)		-65.0	(3.4)
	Netherlands	17.4	(1.1)		17.2	(1.1)		-0.1	(1.7)		27.5	(1.0)		1.5	(0.3)		-26.0	(1.0)
	New Zealand	5.4	(0.3)		8.4	(1.7)		3.0	(1.7)		30.9	(2.4)		3.8	(0.3)		-27.1	(2.4)
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	3.4	(0.3)		0.0	c		-3.4	(0.3)		3.3	(0.3)		m	m		m	m
	Portugal	28.1	(1.3)		17.7	(5.0)		-10.3	(5.3)		86.9	(1.1)		0.8	(0.2)		-86.0	(1.1)
	Slovak Republic	5.9	(0.6)		2.6	(1.5)		-3.3	(1.8)		10.8	(0.9)		1.2	(0.4)		-9.6	(0.9)
	Slovenia	3.5	(0.6)		1.5	(0.9)		-2.1	(1.1)		43.8	(5.2)		0.6	(0.1)		-43.1	(5.2)
	Spain	33.9	(0.7)		18.2	(0.8)		-15.7	(1.0)		28.7	(0.6)		m	m		m	m
	Sweden	3.7	(0.4)		2.8	(0.5)		-0.9	(0.6)		3.4	(0.3)		6.4	(3.3)		3.0	(3.4)
	Switzerland	17.3	(0.9)		23.2	(4.2)		5.9	(4.2)		23.8	(1.1)		2.2	(0.3)		-21.5	(1.2)
	Turkey	7.1	(0.4)		9.6	(3.7)		2.5	(3.9)		m	m		7.2	(0.5)		m	m
	United Kingdom	2.6	(0.3)		2.5	(0.3)		-0.1	(0.5)		m	m		2.5	(0.3)		m	m
	United States	9.5	(0.6)		4.9	(1.2)		-4.5	(1.4)		67.5	(2.4)		4.6	(0.4)		-62.9	(2.4)
	OECD average	11.5	(0.1)		8.9	(0.4)		-3.1	(0.4)		36.4	(0.4)		5.3	(0.2)		-37.6	(0.5)

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. This analysis is restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table V.B1.2.10 [6/8]. Grade repetition, school characteristics and reading performance

Results based on principals’ reports 

		By type of school									By education level
		Public			Private			Private - public			Lower secondary (ISCED 2)			Upper secondary (ISCED 3)			ISCED 3 - ISCED 2
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	3.5	(0.3)		1.5	(0.6)		-2.0	(0.7)		5.5	(0.7)		1.9	(0.2)		-3.5	(0.7)
	Argentina	36.8	(1.4)		13.1	(1.7)		-23.8	(2.2)		83.0	(1.6)		2.9	(0.3)		-80.1	(1.7)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	2.8	(0.2)		m	m		m	m		4.3	(0.5)		1.8	(0.2)		-2.4	(0.6)
	Belarus	1.5	(0.2)		m	m		m	m		2.7	(0.4)		0.4	(0.1)		-2.3	(0.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1.9	(0.2)		m	m		m	m		3.7	(0.7)		1.5	(0.2)		-2.2	(0.7)
	Brazil	37.6	(1.1)		15.3	(1.2)		-22.3	(1.6)		89.8	(1.0)		15.2	(0.6)		-74.6	(1.1)
	Brunei Darussalam	13.2	(0.3)		5.5	(0.6)		-7.7	(0.7)		65.7	(7.5)		11.7	(0.3)		-54.0	(7.6)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	8.3	(0.8)		8.3	(2.4)		0.0	(2.5)		16.5	(1.7)		2.7	(0.3)		-13.8	(1.7)
	Bulgaria	4.4	(0.5)		m	m		m	m		m	m		4.4	(0.5)		m	m
	Costa Rica	30.8	(1.4)		10.5	(2.7)		-20.3	(3.0)		51.0	(1.5)		0.7	(0.2)		-50.3	(1.5)
	Croatia	1.6	(0.2)		0.0	c		-1.6	(0.2)		m	m		1.3	(0.1)		m	m
	Cyprus	3.8	(0.4)		4.8	(0.7)		1.0	(0.7)		40.9	(5.0)		2.2	(0.2)		-38.7	(5.0)
	Dominican Republic	35.7	(1.4)		16.9	(2.0)		-18.7	(2.6)		68.3	(1.2)		7.4	(0.7)		-60.9	(1.3)
	Georgia	3.5	(0.3)		1.0	(0.3)		-2.6	(0.5)		6.6	(0.9)		2.7	(0.3)		-3.9	(0.9)
	Hong Kong (China)	14.1	(1.5)		16.2	(0.9)		2.1	(1.5)		44.8	(1.4)		1.3	(0.2)		-43.4	(1.4)
	Indonesia	15.2	(1.2)		15.8	(1.5)		0.6	(2.0)		27.6	(1.6)		5.4	(0.7)		-22.3	(1.8)
	Jordan	11.9	(0.7)		6.7	(0.8)		-5.2	(1.1)		10.8	(0.6)		m	m		m	m
	Kazakhstan	3.1	(0.2)		2.8	(0.8)		-0.3	(0.8)		4.4	(0.3)		1.8	(0.2)		-2.6	(0.4)
	Kosovo	4.5	(0.4)		m	m		m	m		7.9	(1.0)		3.5	(0.3)		-4.5	(1.0)
	Lebanon	44.7	(2.0)		25.9	(2.3)		-18.8	(2.8)		74.9	(1.7)		19.2	(1.9)		-55.7	(2.3)
	Macao (China)	52.0	(1.9)		28.7	(0.5)		-23.2	(1.9)		71.7	(1.0)		1.2	(0.2)		-70.5	(1.0)
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	6.5	(0.6)		4.2	(0.4)		-2.3	(0.7)		m	m		5.4	(0.4)		m	m
	Moldova	2.6	(0.3)		m	m		m	m		2.7	(0.3)		1.5	(0.6)		-1.2	(0.6)
	Montenegro	1.6	(0.2)		m	m		m	m		5.9	(2.8)		1.4	(0.1)		-4.5	(2.8)
	Morocco	51.4	(2.9)		22.2	(6.8)		-29.2	(7.6)		86.5	(0.7)		5.7	(0.5)		-80.7	(0.9)
	North Macedonia	3.1	(0.2)		1.1	(0.8)		-1.9	(0.9)		m	m		3.0	(0.2)		m	m
	Panama	29.8	(1.2)		13.5	(2.1)		-16.3	(2.4)		77.2	(1.3)		5.1	(0.4)		-72.1	(1.4)
	Peru	24.2	(0.9)		10.7	(1.4)		-13.4	(1.7)		73.5	(1.4)		6.7	(0.4)		-66.8	(1.4)
	Philippines	23.8	(1.1)		8.3	(1.5)		-15.4	(1.8)		21.2	(1.0)		0.0	c		-21.2	(1.0)
	Qatar	23.0	(0.4)		9.3	(0.3)		-13.7	(0.5)		46.0	(0.7)		8.3	(0.2)		-37.6	(0.7)
	Romania	4.1	(0.6)		m	m		m	m		37.9	(7.1)		2.0	(0.3)		-35.9	(7.1)
	Russia	1.8	(0.2)		m	m		m	m		1.9	(0.2)		0.8	(0.3)		-1.0	(0.3)
	Saudi Arabia	12.4	(1.3)		5.2	(0.7)		-7.1	(1.5)		43.8	(2.4)		3.9	(0.3)		-39.9	(2.5)
	Serbia	1.4	(0.2)		2.7	(0.7)		1.3	(0.7)		m	m		1.1	(0.1)		m	m
	Singapore	4.6	(0.2)		7.2	(1.2)		2.6	(1.2)		39.9	(6.0)		4.4	(0.3)		-35.5	(6.1)
	Chinese Taipei	0.9	(0.2)		0.8	(0.2)		-0.2	(0.2)		1.2	(0.2)		0.7	(0.2)		-0.5	(0.3)
	Thailand	6.7	(0.5)		7.0	(1.1)		0.3	(1.2)		19.7	(1.7)		3.3	(0.4)		-16.4	(1.7)
Ukraine	1.6	(0.2)		m	m		m	m		m	m		1.6	(0.2)		m	m
United Arab Emirates	13.2	(0.3)		8.4	(0.5)		-4.8	(0.6)		41.2	(1.0)		6.3	(0.2)		-34.9	(1.1)
Uruguay	37.8	(1.3)		9.7	(2.5)		-28.0	(3.0)		92.0	(1.0)		0.5	(0.1)		-91.5	(1.0)
Viet Nam	5.2	(1.3)		0.5	(0.6)		-4.7	(1.4)		72.8	(7.3)		1.4	(0.2)		-71.4	(7.3)

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. This analysis is restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table V.B1.2.10 [7/8]. Grade repetition, school characteristics and reading performance

Results based on principals’ reports

		Before accounting for students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile2						After accounting for students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile2
		Change in reading score associated with repeating a grade			Explained variance in student performance (r-squared x 100)			Change in reading score associated with repeating a grade			Explained variance in student performance (r-squared x 100)
		Score dif.	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	Score dif.	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	-61	(4.8)		1.7	(0.3)		-50	(4.6)		14.8	(0.8)
	Austria	-56	(4.1)		3.4	(0.5)		-42	(3.6)		30.6	(2.0)
	Belgium	-104	(2.9)		23.7	(1.1)		-68	(3.0)		38.7	(1.2)
	Canada	-95	(4.1)		4.5	(0.4)		-75	(4.2)		11.2	(0.8)
	Chile	-82	(3.2)		13.5	(1.0)		-63	(2.8)		28.6	(1.4)
	Colombia	-63	(2.8)		12.1	(0.9)		-52	(2.5)		32.4	(2.3)
	Czech Republic	-126	(8.5)		7.3	(1.3)		-69	(6.8)		35.2	(2.3)
	Denmark	-89	(7.9)		3.0	(0.6)		-68	(7.7)		13.6	(1.2)
	Estonia	-83	(10.0)		2.2	(0.6)		-68	(9.8)		10.8	(1.5)
	Finland	-106	(7.2)		3.8	(0.6)		-91	(7.0)		11.9	(1.1)
	France	-123	(9.2)		5.7	(1.1)		-82	(7.3)		27.6	(2.2)
	Germany	-80	(5.3)		9.4	(1.1)		-44	(4.7)		38.2	(1.8)
	Greece	-128	(12.1)		2.0	(0.4)		-101	(11.1)		19.4	(2.1)
	Hungary	-75	(8.1)		1.9	(0.4)		-34	(6.5)		39.2	(2.4)
	Iceland	c	c		1.7	(0.5)		c	c		8.2	(1.1)
	Ireland	-54	(6.0)		2.0	(0.5)		-44	(5.2)		15.5	(1.4)
	Israel	-151	(5.4)		12.8	(1.1)		-86	(7.4)		32.2	(1.9)
	Italy	-84	(5.1)		8.2	(0.9)		-51	(4.0)		30.9	(2.0)
	Japan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Korea	-40	(7.9)		0.7	(0.3)		-32	(7.2)		17.7	(2.7)
	Latvia	-99	(6.9)		4.3	(0.7)		-74	(7.1)		15.9	(1.5)
	Lithuania	-130	(7.6)		3.8	(0.6)		-98	(9.3)		27.5	(1.5)
	Luxembourg	-102	(2.9)		19.6	(1.0)		-66	(2.7)		37.7	(1.0)
	Mexico	-56	(10.0)		0.7	(0.3)		-57	(9.8)		19.4	(2.7)
	Netherlands	-62	(5.2)		5.6	(0.8)		-41	(4.9)		32.3	(2.8)
	New Zealand	-75	(7.9)		2.7	(0.6)		-61	(6.7)		18.1	(1.3)
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	-111	(10.0)		4.3	(0.9)		-82	(10.2)		18.0	(2.1)
	Portugal	-120	(3.9)		26.5	(1.9)		-102	(3.6)		31.9	(1.8)
	Slovak Republic	-138	(5.2)		10.3	(1.1)		-74	(7.0)		31.8	(1.8)
	Slovenia	-100	(20.0)		0.7	(0.3)		-96	(15.6)		33.5	(1.2)
	Spain	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Sweden	-123	(10.6)		4.3	(0.8)		-87	(10.3)		15.7	(1.8)
	Switzerland	-60	(4.6)		6.1	(0.9)		-42	(4.6)		24.8	(2.7)
	Turkey	-94	(5.2)		7.7	(0.9)		-71	(5.4)		29.6	(2.7)
	United Kingdom	-70	(8.5)		1.2	(0.3)		-55	(8.1)		14.8	(1.5)
	United States	-111	(6.1)		8.9	(1.0)		-86	(6.2)		19.9	(1.8)
	OECD average	-93	(1.3)		6.7	(0.1)		-67	(1.2)		24.3	(0.3)

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. This analysis is restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table V.B1.2.10 [8/8]. Grade repetition, school characteristics and reading performance

Results based on principals’ reports

		Before accounting for students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile2						After accounting for students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile2
		Change in reading score associated with repeating a grade			Explained variance in student performance (r-squared x 100)			Change in reading score associated with repeating a grade			Explained variance in student performance (r-squared x 100)
		Score dif.	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	Score dif.	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	-83	(8.0)		3.3	(0.7)		-66	(9.4)		15.1	(1.7)
	Argentina	-88	(4.1)		17.0	(1.3)		-55	(3.0)		35.2	(2.0)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	-70	(5.9)		2.3	(0.4)		-64	(5.6)		10.4	(2.4)
	Belarus	-119	(12.2)		2.5	(0.6)		-92	(10.4)		29.4	(1.9)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	-85	(8.5)		1.8	(0.4)		-70	(8.5)		18.7	(2.8)
	Brazil	-79	(3.5)		11.9	(1.0)		-68	(3.2)		29.9	(1.6)
	Brunei Darussalam	-84	(3.1)		7.9	(0.6)		-66	(2.7)		36.8	(0.8)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	-65	(7.0)		4.3	(0.9)		-34	(5.0)		24.3	(2.3)
	Bulgaria	-110	(6.6)		5.2	(0.9)		-70	(9.2)		34.0	(3.6)
	Costa Rica	-68	(4.1)		13.9	(1.1)		-48	(2.3)		32.5	(2.6)
	Croatia	-83	(9.4)		1.1	(0.3)		-61	(10.5)		24.3	(2.0)
	Cyprus	-86	(9.3)		1.8	(0.4)		-83	(8.1)		15.8	(1.0)
	Dominican Republic	-75	(3.3)		18.1	(1.2)		-56	(2.8)		32.3	(2.4)
	Georgia	-94	(6.0)		3.9	(0.7)		-81	(5.9)		17.9	(1.7)
	Hong Kong (China)	-67	(3.8)		6.1	(0.7)		-50	(3.5)		16.3	(2.0)
	Indonesia	-61	(4.7)		8.6	(1.2)		-48	(4.3)		22.9	(3.0)
	Jordan	-82	(5.6)		8.8	(1.1)		-69	(5.5)		15.9	(2.1)
	Kazakhstan	-72	(5.0)		2.6	(0.4)		-63	(4.9)		13.1	(1.6)
	Kosovo	-81	(6.3)		4.6	(0.8)		-62	(6.0)		23.3	(1.5)
	Lebanon	-133	(5.8)		26.0	(2.2)		-116	(8.8)		36.7	(2.0)
	Macao (China)	-71	(2.7)		12.6	(0.9)		-67	(2.9)		13.3	(0.9)
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	-98	(9.3)		4.0	(0.8)		-87	(8.5)		15.1	(1.1)
	Moldova	-85	(8.6)		2.1	(0.5)		-61	(8.0)		24.9	(2.3)
	Montenegro	-99	(9.0)		1.8	(0.4)		-88	(8.2)		24.2	(1.0)
	Morocco	-82	(2.9)		29.8	(1.4)		-66	(2.7)		33.7	(1.7)
	North Macedonia	-131	(7.7)		5.5	(0.7)		-103	(8.2)		28.9	(1.1)
	Panama	-71	(5.4)		9.8	(1.4)		-49	(4.4)		34.4	(2.9)
	Peru	-76	(3.4)		11.2	(0.9)		-49	(3.2)		35.4	(1.9)
	Philippines	-75	(3.2)		14.5	(0.9)		-54	(2.1)		36.5	(2.9)
	Qatar	-70	(3.1)		4.1	(0.4)		-57	(3.1)		18.9	(0.6)
	Romania	-107	(9.8)		2.5	(0.6)		-66	(8.2)		31.9	(2.8)
	Russia	-89	(11.0)		1.6	(0.4)		-68	(9.9)		15.6	(2.2)
	Saudi Arabia	-50	(7.4)		1.5	(0.5)		-48	(6.9)		12.1	(2.1)
	Serbia	-107	(10.3)		1.3	(0.3)		-85	(9.5)		24.8	(3.6)
	Singapore	-98	(6.9)		3.7	(0.4)		-84	(5.0)		23.5	(1.3)
	Chinese Taipei	-130	(19.4)		1.5	(0.5)		-118	(21.6)		24.1	(2.0)
	Thailand	-58	(5.8)		2.8	(0.6)		-48	(4.6)		29.0	(2.9)
Ukraine	-108	(11.9)		2.2	(0.6)		-89	(9.9)		25.2	(2.4)
United Arab Emirates	-94	(4.0)		5.7	(0.5)		-80	(3.9)		26.1	(1.2)
Uruguay	-107	(4.4)		27.4	(1.7)		-75	(3.9)		36.0	(2.0)
Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. This analysis is restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table V.B1.3.1 [1/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in programme orientation

Results based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who are enrolled in a programme whose curriculum is:
		PISA 2009									PISA 2015
		General			Pre-vocational or vocational			Modular			General			Pre-vocational or vocational			Modular
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	86.2	(1.1)		13.8	(1.1)		0.0	c		87.0	(0.8)		13.0	(0.8)		0.0	c
	Austria	28.8	(1.2)		71.2	(1.2)		0.0	c		28.6	(0.9)		71.4	(0.9)		0.0	c
	Belgium	52.2	(1.4)		47.8	(1.4)		0.0	c		58.6	(1.3)		41.4	(1.3)		0.0	c
	Canada	0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	c
	Chile	98.0	(0.2)		2.0	(0.2)		0.0	c		99.4	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Colombia	82.1	(2.2)		17.9	(2.2)		0.0	c		79.2	(1.6)		20.8	(1.6)		0.0	c
	Czech Republic	64.5	(1.1)		35.5	(1.1)		0.0	c		66.7	(1.3)		33.3	(1.3)		0.0	c
	Denmark	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Estonia	99.6	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)		0.0	c		99.7	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Finland	99.9	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	France	89.9	(1.2)		10.1	(1.2)		0.0	c		81.3	(0.9)		18.7	(0.9)		0.0	c
	Germany	96.0	(0.5)		4.0	(0.5)		0.0	c		97.3	(0.7)		2.7	(0.7)		0.0	c
	Greece	86.1	(2.4)		13.9	(2.4)		0.0	c		83.6	(2.6)		16.4	(2.6)		0.0	c
	Hungary	86.2	(1.1)		13.8	(1.1)		0.0	c		84.1	(0.6)		15.9	(0.6)		0.0	c
	Iceland	100.0	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Ireland	98.4	(0.3)		1.6	(0.3)		0.0	c		99.2	(0.2)		0.8	(0.2)		0.0	c
	Israel	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Italy	45.3	(0.7)		54.7	(0.7)		0.0	c		49.8	(1.2)		50.2	(1.2)		0.0	c
	Japan	76.1	(1.1)		23.9	(1.1)		0.0	c		75.6	(0.9)		24.4	(0.9)		0.0	c
	Korea	75.7	(1.8)		24.3	(1.8)		0.0	c		83.9	(0.4)		16.1	(0.4)		0.0	c
	Latvia	99.1	(0.5)		0.9	(0.5)		0.0	c		99.2	(0.4)		0.8	(0.4)		0.0	c
	Lithuania	100.0	(0.0)		0.0	(0.0)		0.0	c		98.5	(0.6)		1.5	(0.6)		0.0	c
	Luxembourg	80.8	(0.2)		13.8	(0.2)		5.4	(0.1)		77.7	(0.2)		15.0	(0.1)		7.3	(0.2)
	Mexico	77.7	(0.6)		22.3	(0.6)		0.0	c		74.7	(1.1)		25.3	(1.1)		0.0	c
	Netherlands	68.4	(2.8)		31.6	(2.8)		0.0	c		73.9	(0.9)		26.1	(0.9)		0.0	c
	New Zealand	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Norway	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Poland	99.9	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)		0.0	c		99.9	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Portugal	84.1	(1.6)		15.9	(1.6)		0.0	c		86.9	(1.1)		13.1	(1.1)		0.0	c
	Slovak Republic	59.4	(1.3)		40.6	(1.3)		0.0	c		67.4	(1.0)		5.7	(0.7)		26.9	(1.2)
	Slovenia	47.0	(0.4)		53.0	(0.4)		0.0	c		42.6	(0.2)		57.4	(0.2)		0.0	c
	Spain	100.0	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.0	c		99.1	(0.1)		0.9	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Sweden	99.5	(0.2)		0.5	(0.2)		0.0	c		99.9	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Switzerland	91.5	(1.5)		8.5	(1.5)		0.0	c		90.8	(1.1)		9.2	(1.1)		0.0	c
	Turkey	58.7	(0.6)		41.3	(0.6)		0.0	c		59.0	(1.9)		41.0	(1.9)		0.0	c
	United Kingdom	100.0	(0.0)		0.0	(0.0)		0.0	c		99.2	(0.2)		0.8	(0.2)		0.0	c
	United States	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	OECD average-37	82.3	(0.2)		15.0	(0.2)		2.8	(0.0)		82.6	(0.1)		13.9	(0.1)		3.5	(0.0)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.

Statlink

Table V.B1.3.1 [2/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in programme orientation

Results based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who are enrolled in a programme whose curriculum is:
		PISA 2009									PISA 2015
		General			Pre-vocational or vocational			Modular			General			Pre-vocational or vocational			Modular
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	94.4	(0.7)		5.6	(0.7)		0.0	c		93.6	(1.5)	†	6.4	(1.5)	†	0.0	c	†
	Argentina	87.0	(2.4)		13.0	(2.4)		0.0	c		83.4	(2.6)		16.6	(2.6)		0.0	c
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		95.3	(1.0)		4.7	(1.0)		0.0	c
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	62.3	(2.5)		37.7	(2.5)		0.0	c		53.8	(2.0)		46.2	(2.0)		0.0	c
	Costa Rica	90.6	(1.7)		9.4	(1.7)		0.0	c		87.7	(1.4)		12.3	(1.4)		0.0	c
	Croatia	28.7	(1.0)		71.3	(1.0)		0.0	c		32.7	(0.8)		67.3	(0.8)		0.0	c
	Cyprus	m	m		m	m		m	m		88.1	(0.1)		11.9	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Dominican Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		95.2	(0.5)		4.8	(0.5)		0.0	c
	Georgia	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		98.3	(0.8)		1.7	(0.8)		0.0	c
	Hong Kong (China)	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Indonesia	84.8	(2.8)		15.2	(2.8)		0.0	c		84.0	(1.3)		16.0	(1.3)		0.0	c
	Jordan	100.0	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Kazakhstan	92.0	(2.1)		8.0	(2.1)		0.0	c		86.0	(2.1)		14.0	(2.1)		0.0	c
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		64.7	(0.7)		35.3	(0.7)		0.0	c
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Macao (China)	98.7	(0.0)		1.3	(0.0)		0.0	c		98.8	(0.1)		1.2	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Malaysia	87.5	(1.4)		12.5	(1.4)		0.0	c		89.5	(1.2)		10.5	(1.2)		0.0	c
	Malta	100.0	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Moldova	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Montenegro	34.7	(1.2)		65.3	(1.2)		0.0	c		34.0	(0.3)		66.0	(0.3)		0.0	c
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		44.9	(0.3)		55.1	(0.3)		0.0	c
	Panama	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Peru	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Romania	78.1	(0.6)		21.9	(0.6)		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Russia	95.1	(1.5)		4.9	(1.5)		0.0	c		95.5	(1.5)		4.5	(1.5)		0.0	c
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	25.7	(1.1)		74.1	(1.1)		0.2	(0.2)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Singapore	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Chinese Taipei	61.1	(1.5)		38.9	(1.5)		0.0	c		63.7	(1.3)		36.3	(1.3)		0.0	c
	Thailand	79.2	(0.6)		20.8	(0.6)		0.0	c		82.3	(0.8)		17.7	(0.8)		0.0	c
Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
United Arab Emirates	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		96.1	(0.4)		3.9	(0.4)		0.0	c
Uruguay	96.8	(0.7)		1.0	(0.2)		2.2	(0.6)		97.8	(0.4)		1.7	(0.3)		0.5	(0.3)
Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		94.9	(2.0)		0.0	c		5.1	(2.0)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.

Statlink

Table V.B1.3.1 [3/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in programme orientation

Results based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who are enrolled in a programme whose curriculum is:
		PISA 2018									Change between 2009 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009)
		General			Pre-vocational or vocational			Modular			General			Pre-vocational or vocational			Modular
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	90.0	(0.7)		10.0	(0.7)		0.0	c		3.8	(1.3)		-3.8	(1.3)		0.0	c
	Austria	34.2	(1.1)		65.8	(1.1)		0.0	c		5.4	(1.6)		-5.4	(1.6)		0.0	c
	Belgium	57.5	(1.1)		42.5	(1.1)		0.0	c		5.3	(1.8)		-5.3	(1.8)		0.0	c
	Canada	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		-100.0	c
	Chile	98.2	(0.2)		1.8	(0.2)		0.0	c		0.2	(0.3)		-0.2	(0.3)		0.0	c
	Colombia	80.5	(1.7)		19.5	(1.7)		0.0	c		-1.6	(2.8)		1.6	(2.8)		0.0	c
	Czech Republic	66.1	(1.2)		33.9	(1.2)		0.0	c		1.7	(1.6)		-1.7	(1.6)		0.0	c
	Denmark	99.9	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)		0.0	c		-0.1	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Estonia	99.9	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)		0.0	c		0.3	(0.2)		-0.3	(0.2)		0.0	c
	Finland	99.9	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)		0.0	c		0.0	(0.1)		0.0	(0.1)		0.0	c
	France	80.9	(1.1)		19.1	(1.1)		0.0	c		-9.0	(1.6)		9.0	(1.6)		0.0	c
	Germany	97.0	(0.4)		3.0	(0.4)		0.0	c		1.0	(0.7)		-1.0	(0.7)		0.0	c
	Greece	87.1	(1.9)		12.9	(1.9)		0.0	c		1.0	(3.0)		-1.0	(3.0)		0.0	c
	Hungary	83.9	(0.5)		16.1	(0.5)		0.0	c		-2.3	(1.2)		2.3	(1.2)		0.0	c
	Iceland	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Ireland	99.3	(0.1)		0.7	(0.1)		0.0	c		0.9	(0.3)		-0.9	(0.3)		0.0	c
	Israel	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Italy	50.7	(0.9)		49.3	(0.9)		0.0	c		5.4	(1.1)		-5.4	(1.1)		0.0	c
	Japan	76.5	(0.6)		23.5	(0.6)		0.0	c		0.4	(1.2)		-0.4	(1.2)		0.0	c
	Korea	83.5	(1.4)		16.5	(1.4)		0.0	c		7.8	(2.3)		-7.8	(2.3)		0.0	c
	Latvia	98.9	(0.2)		1.1	(0.2)		0.0	c		-0.2	(0.5)		0.2	(0.5)		0.0	c
	Lithuania	98.0	(0.5)		2.0	(0.5)		0.0	c		-2.0	(0.5)		2.0	(0.5)		0.0	c
	Luxembourg	78.7	(0.3)		14.4	(0.2)		6.9	(0.2)		-2.1	(0.3)		0.6	(0.2)		1.5	(0.3)
	Mexico	71.9	(1.2)		28.1	(1.2)		0.0	c		-5.8	(1.3)		5.8	(1.3)		0.0	c
	Netherlands	74.2	(1.1)		25.8	(1.1)		0.0	c		5.8	(3.0)		-5.8	(3.0)		0.0	c
	New Zealand	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Norway	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Poland	99.5	(0.3)		0.5	(0.3)		0.0	c		-0.4	(0.3)		0.4	(0.3)		0.0	c
	Portugal	83.0	(1.6)		17.0	(1.6)		0.0	c		-1.1	(2.2)		1.1	(2.2)		0.0	c
	Slovak Republic	67.1	(1.0)		5.0	(0.7)		27.9	(1.1)		7.7	(1.7)		-35.6	(1.5)		27.9	(1.1)
	Slovenia	42.7	(0.3)		57.3	(0.3)		0.0	c		-4.3	(0.5)		4.3	(0.5)		0.0	c
	Spain	98.8	(0.2)		1.2	(0.2)		0.0	c		-1.2	(0.2)		1.2	(0.2)		0.0	c
	Sweden	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.5	(0.2)		-0.5	(0.2)		0.0	c
	Switzerland	88.3	(1.2)		11.7	(1.2)		0.0	c		-3.2	(1.9)		3.2	(1.9)		0.0	c
	Turkey	67.0	(0.7)		33.0	(0.7)		0.0	c		8.2	(0.9)		-8.2	(0.9)		0.0	c
	United Kingdom	99.8	(0.1)		0.2	(0.1)		0.0	c		-0.2	(0.1)		0.2	(0.1)		0.0	c
	United States	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	OECD average-37	85.2	(0.1)		13.8	(0.1)		0.9	(0.0)		2.9	(0.2)		-1.1	(0.2)		-1.8	(0.0)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.

Statlink

Table V.B1.3.1 [4/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in programme orientation

Results based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who are enrolled in a programme whose curriculum is:
		PISA 2018									Change between 2009 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009)
		General			Pre-vocational or vocational			Modular			General			Pre-vocational or vocational			Modular
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Argentina	84.7	(2.0)		15.3	(2.0)		0.0	c		-2.4	(3.2)		2.4	(3.2)		0.0	c
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	0.0	c		0.0	c		100.0	(0.0)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	85.9	(0.4)		14.1	(0.4)		0.0	c		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	34.3	(2.3)		65.7	(2.3)		0.0	c		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	91.0	(1.2)		9.0	(1.2)		0.0	c		-9.0	(1.2)		9.0	(1.2)		0.0	c
	Brunei Darussalam	94.5	(0.2)		5.5	(0.2)		0.0	c		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	81.9	(0.8)		18.1	(0.8)		0.0	c		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	50.9	(1.7)		49.1	(1.7)		0.0	c		-11.4	(3.1)		11.4	(3.1)		0.0	c
	Costa Rica	87.5	(1.0)		12.5	(1.0)		0.0	c		-3.1	(2.0)		3.1	(2.0)		0.0	c
	Croatia	32.7	(0.8)		67.3	(0.8)		0.0	c		4.0	(1.3)		-4.0	(1.3)		0.0	c
	Cyprus	87.8	(0.1)		12.2	(0.1)		0.0	c		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	87.3	(2.0)		12.7	(2.0)		0.0	c		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Hong Kong (China)	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Indonesia	80.2	(2.4)		19.8	(2.4)		0.0	c		-4.7	(3.6)		4.7	(3.6)		0.0	c
	Jordan	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Kazakhstan	80.4	(0.6)		19.6	(0.6)		0.0	c		-11.6	(2.2)		11.6	(2.2)		0.0	c
	Kosovo	60.2	(1.1)		39.8	(1.1)		0.0	c		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	99.0	(0.1)		1.0	(0.1)		0.0	c		0.3	(0.1)		-0.3	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Malaysia	89.8	(1.0)		10.2	(1.0)		0.0	c		2.2	(1.7)		-2.2	(1.7)		0.0	c
	Malta	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Moldova	96.5	(0.9)		3.5	(0.9)		0.0	c		-3.5	(0.9)		3.5	(0.9)		0.0	c
	Montenegro	35.5	(0.3)		64.5	(0.3)		0.0	c		0.7	(1.2)		-0.7	(1.2)		0.0	c
	Morocco	100.0	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.0	c		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	41.4	(0.2)		58.6	(0.2)		0.0	c		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	73.2	(1.4)		26.8	(1.4)		0.0	c		-26.8	(1.4)		26.8	(1.4)		0.0	c
	Peru	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Philippines	100.0	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.0	c		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Romania	88.0	(1.7)		12.0	(1.7)		0.0	c		9.9	(1.8)		-9.9	(1.8)		0.0	c
	Russia	96.4	(1.1)		3.6	(1.1)		0.0	c		1.3	(1.9)		-1.3	(1.9)		0.0	c
	Saudi Arabia	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	28.1	(1.1)		71.9	(1.1)		0.0	c		2.3	(1.5)		-2.1	(1.5)		-0.2	(0.2)
	Singapore	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Chinese Taipei	66.3	(1.3)		33.7	(1.3)		0.0	c		5.2	(2.0)		-5.2	(2.0)		0.0	c
	Thailand	77.1	(0.7)		22.9	(0.7)		0.0	c		-2.1	(0.9)		2.1	(0.9)		0.0	c
Ukraine	72.0	(2.4)		28.0	(2.4)		0.0	c		m	m		m	m		m	m
United Arab Emirates	96.4	(0.1)		3.6	(0.1)		0.0	c		-3.6	(0.1)		3.6	(0.1)		0.0	c
Uruguay	91.4	(1.1)		8.6	(1.1)		0.0	c		-5.4	(1.2)		7.6	(1.1)		-2.2	(0.6)
Viet Nam	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		m	m		m	m		m	m

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.

Statlink

Table V.B1.3.1 [5/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in programme orientation

Results based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who are enrolled in a programme whose curriculum is:
		Change between 2015 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
		General			Pre-vocational or vocational			Modular
		% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	3.1	(1.1)		-3.1	(1.1)		0.0	c
	Austria	5.6	(1.4)		-5.6	(1.4)		0.0	c
	Belgium	-1.1	(1.7)		1.1	(1.7)		0.0	c
	Canada	100.0	c		0.0	c		-100.0	c
	Chile	-1.2	(0.2)		1.2	(0.2)		0.0	c
	Colombia	1.4	(2.4)		-1.4	(2.4)		0.0	c
	Czech Republic	-0.6	(1.8)		0.6	(1.8)		0.0	c
	Denmark	-0.1	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Estonia	0.2	(0.1)		-0.2	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Finland	-0.1	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)		0.0	c
	France	-0.4	(1.4)		0.4	(1.4)		0.0	c
	Germany	-0.2	(0.8)		0.2	(0.8)		0.0	c
	Greece	3.5	(3.2)		-3.5	(3.2)		0.0	c
	Hungary	-0.2	(0.7)		0.2	(0.7)		0.0	c
	Iceland	0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Ireland	0.0	(0.3)		0.0	(0.3)		0.0	c
	Israel	0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Italy	0.9	(1.4)		-0.9	(1.4)		0.0	c
	Japan	1.0	(1.1)		-1.0	(1.1)		0.0	c
	Korea	-0.3	(1.5)		0.3	(1.5)		0.0	c
	Latvia	-0.2	(0.5)		0.2	(0.5)		0.0	c
	Lithuania	-0.6	(0.8)		0.6	(0.8)		0.0	c
	Luxembourg	1.0	(0.3)		-0.6	(0.2)		-0.4	(0.3)
	Mexico	-2.8	(1.6)		2.8	(1.6)		0.0	c
	Netherlands	0.2	(1.5)		-0.2	(1.5)		0.0	c
	New Zealand	0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Norway	0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Poland	-0.4	(0.3)		0.4	(0.3)		0.0	c
	Portugal	-3.9	(1.9)		3.9	(1.9)		0.0	c
	Slovak Republic	-0.3	(1.4)		-0.7	(1.0)		1.0	(1.6)
	Slovenia	0.1	(0.4)		-0.1	(0.4)		0.0	c
	Spain	-0.2	(0.2)		0.2	(0.2)		0.0	c
	Sweden	0.1	(0.1)		-0.1	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Switzerland	-2.5	(1.7)		2.5	(1.7)		0.0	c
	Turkey	8.0	(2.1)		-8.0	(2.1)		0.0	c
	United Kingdom	0.6	(0.2)		-0.6	(0.2)		0.0	c
	United States	0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	OECD average-37	2.6	(0.2)		-0.1	(0.2)		-2.6	(0.0)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.

Statlink

Table V.B1.3.1 [6/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in programme orientation

Results based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who are enrolled in a programme whose curriculum is:
		Change between 2015 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
		General			Pre-vocational or vocational			Modular
		% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Argentina	1.3	(3.3)		-1.3	(3.3)		0.0	c
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	-4.3	(1.5)		4.3	(1.5)		0.0	c
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	-2.9	(2.6)		2.9	(2.6)		0.0	c
	Costa Rica	-0.2	(1.7)		0.2	(1.7)		0.0	c
	Croatia	0.1	(1.2)		-0.1	(1.2)		0.0	c
	Cyprus	-0.2	(0.2)		0.2	(0.2)		0.0	c
	Dominican Republic	-7.9	(2.1)		7.9	(2.1)		0.0	c
	Georgia	1.7	(0.8)		-1.7	(0.8)		0.0	c
	Hong Kong (China)	0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Indonesia	-3.8	(2.7)		3.8	(2.7)		0.0	c
	Jordan	0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Kazakhstan	-5.6	(2.2)		5.6	(2.2)		0.0	c
	Kosovo	-4.6	(1.3)		4.6	(1.3)		0.0	c
	Lebanon	0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Macao (China)	0.2	(0.1)		-0.2	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Malaysia	0.3	(1.6)		-0.3	(1.6)		0.0	c
	Malta	0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Moldova	-3.5	(0.9)		3.5	(0.9)		0.0	c
	Montenegro	1.5	(0.4)		-1.5	(0.4)		0.0	c
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	-3.5	(0.3)		3.5	(0.3)		0.0	c
	Panama	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Peru	0.0	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Romania	-12.0	(1.7)		12.0	(1.7)		0.0	c
	Russia	0.8	(1.9)		-0.8	(1.9)		0.0	c
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Singapore	0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Chinese Taipei	2.6	(1.8)		-2.6	(1.8)		0.0	c
	Thailand	-5.2	(1.0)		5.2	(1.0)		0.0	c
Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m
United Arab Emirates	0.3	(0.4)		-0.3	(0.4)		0.0	c
Uruguay	-6.4	(1.1)		6.9	(1.1)		-0.5	(0.3)
Viet Nam	5.1	(2.0)		0.0	c		-5.1	(2.0)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.

Statlink

Table V.B1.3.7 [1/6]. Ability grouping in classes and into different classes

Results based on principals’ reports

		PISA 2006
		Percentage of students in schools that group students by ability into different classes									Percentage of students in schools that group students by ability in their classes
		For all subjects			For some subjects			Not for any subject			For all subjects			For some subjects			Not for any subject
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	1.7	(0.8)		87.1	(1.8)		11.2	(1.6)		3.7	(1.2)		56.9	(3.0)		39.4	(3.1)
	Austria	2.2	(1.2)		10.3	(2.4)		87.6	(2.7)		2.2	(0.9)		36.0	(2.7)		61.7	(2.7)
	Belgium	18.5	(2.5)		14.7	(2.4)		66.8	(3.0)		5.8	(1.7)		17.6	(2.8)		76.6	(3.1)
	Canada	11.3	(1.5)		75.6	(1.9)		13.1	(1.4)		4.3	(1.0)		52.2	(2.8)		43.5	(2.7)
	Chile	19.2	(3.3)		23.1	(4.0)		57.6	(5.0)		3.6	(1.6)		53.0	(4.9)		43.5	(4.9)
	Colombia	23.6	(6.1)	†	11.1	(3.0)	†	65.3	(6.6)	†	32.8	(4.9)		18.9	(3.7)		48.4	(5.2)
	Czech Republic	11.1	(3.1)		15.9	(2.9)		73.0	(3.9)		0.7	(0.5)		58.5	(3.7)		40.7	(3.7)
	Denmark	1.5	(1.0)	†	15.0	(3.4)	†	83.5	(3.5)	†	6.1	(1.8)		75.2	(3.4)		18.7	(3.3)
	Estonia	13.9	(2.9)		16.7	(2.5)		69.3	(3.4)		3.9	(1.6)		42.1	(3.7)		54.0	(3.6)
	Finland	0.0	c		32.9	(4.4)		67.1	(4.4)		2.2	(1.1)		33.7	(3.5)		64.1	(3.7)
	France	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Germany	10.2	(2.1)		11.7	(2.1)		78.1	(2.8)		1.0	(0.8)		27.3	(2.5)		71.7	(2.6)
	Greece	0.6	(0.6)	†	8.7	(2.1)	†	90.7	(2.2)	†	0.0	c	†	10.1	(2.7)	†	89.9	(2.7)	†
	Hungary	1.7	(1.2)		19.2	(3.7)		79.1	(3.9)		0.7	(0.4)		67.0	(3.4)		32.3	(3.4)
	Iceland	2.5	(0.1)		36.7	(0.2)		60.8	(0.2)		3.9	(0.1)		72.2	(0.2)		24.0	(0.2)
	Ireland	5.6	(1.7)		91.0	(2.2)		3.4	(1.5)		2.2	(1.3)		65.4	(4.4)		32.4	(4.2)
	Israel	19.1	(3.8)		76.0	(3.9)		4.9	(1.9)		2.7	(1.4)	†	61.8	(4.6)	†	35.5	(4.7)	†
	Italy	2.3	(0.9)		8.1	(1.5)		89.6	(1.7)		21.2	(2.2)		22.8	(2.3)		56.0	(2.6)
	Japan	9.9	(2.5)		26.0	(3.3)		64.1	(3.4)		0.0	c		36.8	(3.5)		63.2	(3.5)
	Korea	4.9	(2.5)		73.7	(4.1)		21.4	(3.5)		3.8	(1.7)		62.2	(4.4)		34.0	(4.4)
	Latvia	15.2	(3.2)		7.5	(2.1)		77.3	(3.2)		4.5	(2.1)		39.1	(3.9)		56.3	(4.0)
	Lithuania	5.3	(1.9)		17.9	(3.3)		76.8	(3.8)		4.2	(1.6)		57.0	(4.1)		38.8	(3.9)
	Luxembourg	45.4	(0.1)		15.3	(0.0)		39.3	(0.1)		2.0	(0.0)		24.8	(0.1)		73.2	(0.1)
	Mexico	14.4	(2.1)		40.2	(2.8)		45.5	(3.1)		26.0	(2.9)		42.5	(3.2)		31.5	(3.0)
	Netherlands	46.4	(4.0)		19.7	(3.4)		33.9	(3.6)		4.1	(1.6)		62.9	(3.6)		32.9	(3.5)
	New Zealand	1.9	(0.9)		86.7	(2.4)		11.4	(2.3)		4.3	(1.6)		77.6	(3.1)		18.1	(3.0)
	Norway	0.0	c		8.6	(2.0)		91.4	(2.0)		2.9	(1.2)		36.5	(4.0)		60.6	(4.2)
	Poland	2.7	(1.3)		11.9	(2.5)		85.4	(2.7)		0.7	(0.6)		42.0	(3.9)		57.3	(3.9)
	Portugal	10.6	(2.6)		11.9	(2.9)		77.5	(3.7)		4.2	(1.6)		39.0	(4.3)		56.9	(4.4)
	Slovak Republic	16.2	(3.3)		22.1	(3.3)		61.6	(4.4)		1.3	(0.8)		62.0	(3.7)		36.6	(3.8)
	Slovenia	0.8	(0.4)		17.4	(0.6)		81.8	(0.4)		3.7	(0.3)		31.8	(0.3)		64.5	(0.4)
	Spain	7.6	(1.4)		42.6	(3.6)		49.9	(3.8)		9.1	(2.3)		44.9	(3.5)		45.9	(3.6)
	Sweden	3.2	(1.3)		37.4	(4.0)		59.4	(4.1)		2.9	(1.3)		61.2	(3.9)		35.9	(3.8)
	Switzerland	40.6	(2.7)		24.9	(2.8)		34.5	(2.7)		1.4	(0.4)		42.1	(3.5)		56.5	(3.6)
	Turkey	15.5	(3.4)		12.1	(3.3)		72.4	(4.6)		6.8	(2.3)		17.2	(3.6)		75.9	(4.0)
	United Kingdom	6.8	(1.6)		92.9	(1.6)		0.3	(0.1)		1.5	(0.9)		74.6	(2.8)		23.9	(2.8)
	United States	4.6	(1.9)		80.7	(3.6)		14.6	(3.1)		3.6	(1.3)		40.9	(4.2)		55.5	(4.5)
	OECD average	11.5	(0.4)		33.6	(0.5)		54.9	(0.5)		5.7	(0.3)		46.1	(0.6)		48.2	(0.6)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.3.7 [2/6]. Ability grouping in classes and into different classes

Results based on principals’ reports

		PISA 2006
		Percentage of students in schools that group students by ability into different classes									Percentage of students in schools that group students by ability in their classes
		For all subjects			For some subjects			Not for any subject			For all subjects			For some subjects			Not for any subject
%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Argentina	8.0	(1.8)		23.7	(4.4)		68.4	(4.7)		19.2	(3.5)		37.7	(5.0)		43.1	(4.2)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	25.5	(2.8)		5.7	(1.6)		68.9	(2.9)		31.5	(3.0)		14.2	(2.4)		54.3	(3.1)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	7.3	(2.3)		27.4	(4.2)		65.2	(4.2)		7.7	(2.3)		31.4	(4.1)		60.9	(4.4)
	Costa Rica	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Croatia	26.0	(3.5)		4.9	(1.6)		69.1	(3.7)		4.6	(1.4)		27.5	(3.7)		67.8	(3.8)
	Cyprus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Hong Kong (China)	16.7	(3.0)		31.1	(3.7)		52.3	(4.1)		1.5	(1.1)		45.0	(4.1)		53.5	(4.1)
	Indonesia	38.7	(5.1)	†	14.0	(3.0)	†	47.3	(5.0)	†	55.5	(3.7)		12.1	(3.0)		32.4	(3.1)
	Jordan	16.0	(3.3)		44.8	(4.9)		39.2	(4.8)		25.0	(3.3)		61.7	(3.8)		13.3	(2.5)
	Kazakhstan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	13.4	(0.1)		21.1	(0.1)		65.5	(0.1)		0.0	c		15.3	(0.1)		84.7	(0.1)
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Moldova	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Montenegro	43.4	(0.2)		11.7	(0.1)		44.8	(0.2)		53.9	(0.2)	†	6.6	(0.1)	†	39.6	(0.2)	†
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Peru	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	34.4	(0.1)		32.1	(0.2)		33.5	(0.1)		35.6	(0.2)		35.4	(0.2)		28.9	(0.1)
	Romania	27.9	(4.1)		41.3	(5.3)		30.8	(4.5)		10.4	(3.3)		54.6	(6.6)		35.0	(5.9)
	Russia	28.3	(3.4)		16.5	(3.2)		55.2	(4.8)		20.4	(3.5)		50.5	(4.8)		29.1	(4.0)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	8.8	(2.4)		1.7	(1.1)		89.5	(2.7)		29.1	(3.6)		11.6	(2.6)		59.4	(3.9)
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	8.3	(1.7)		19.4	(2.7)		72.3	(3.0)		0.5	(0.5)		31.4	(3.0)		68.1	(3.1)
	Thailand	12.1	(2.4)		42.9	(3.7)		45.0	(3.7)		38.2	(4.1)		42.4	(3.6)		19.4	(3.3)
Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
United Arab Emirates	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
Uruguay	4.1	(1.2)		5.2	(1.3)		90.6	(1.8)		15.7	(2.3)		12.9	(2.3)		71.4	(2.8)
Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.3.7 [3/6]. Ability grouping in classes and into different classes

Results based on principals’ reports

		PISA 2018
		Percentage of students in schools that group students by ability into different classes									Percentage of students in schools that group students by ability in their classes
		For all subjects			For some subjects			Not for any subject			For all subjects			For some subjects			Not for any subject
%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	2.4	(0.6)		81.2	(1.5)		16.4	(1.3)		4.9	(0.9)		64.8	(1.9)		30.2	(1.8)
	Austria	3.1	(1.1)		7.6	(1.8)		89.3	(2.1)		2.1	(0.7)		29.2	(2.9)		68.7	(2.9)
	Belgium	15.7	(2.3)		24.5	(2.3)		59.8	(2.5)		5.6	(1.3)		41.9	(3.2)		52.6	(2.8)
	Canada	8.9	(1.4)		73.2	(1.8)		17.9	(1.4)		4.3	(1.0)		45.8	(2.4)		49.9	(2.4)
	Chile	3.2	(1.4)		24.1	(3.3)		72.7	(3.3)		5.3	(1.8)		38.0	(3.9)		56.7	(4.0)
	Colombia	14.2	(2.7)		20.6	(2.7)		65.3	(3.5)		11.5	(2.4)		19.4	(2.6)		69.2	(3.1)
	Czech Republic	1.6	(0.8)		18.9	(2.6)		79.5	(2.7)		0.9	(0.5)		55.8	(3.3)		43.3	(3.3)
	Denmark	2.5	(0.9)		21.0	(2.4)		76.6	(2.5)		11.0	(1.7)		63.4	(3.8)		25.6	(3.4)
	Estonia	1.4	(0.6)		32.2	(1.7)		66.4	(1.7)		3.2	(0.6)		55.5	(2.0)		41.3	(1.9)
	Finland	0.2	(0.2)		31.6	(3.5)		68.2	(3.5)		1.9	(0.9)		52.5	(3.8)		45.7	(4.0)
	France	4.8	(1.6)		11.7	(2.4)		83.6	(3.1)		6.7	(1.7)		36.4	(3.3)		56.9	(3.5)
	Germany	6.9	(1.5)		20.7	(3.1)		72.4	(3.4)		10.5	(2.3)		31.3	(2.7)		58.2	(3.2)
	Greece	2.0	(1.0)		7.7	(1.6)		90.3	(1.8)		2.3	(1.1)		17.3	(2.5)		80.4	(2.6)
	Hungary	3.2	(1.3)		26.1	(3.2)		70.6	(3.3)		0.7	(0.6)		77.4	(3.1)		21.9	(3.0)
	Iceland	0.0	c		11.0	(0.1)		89.0	(0.1)		0.1	(0.0)		47.8	(0.2)		52.2	(0.2)
	Ireland	0.8	(0.8)		92.0	(2.3)		7.2	(2.2)		5.3	(1.8)		47.1	(4.2)		47.6	(4.2)
	Israel	8.8	(2.3)		89.1	(2.5)		2.1	(1.1)		4.1	(1.2)		68.8	(3.5)		27.1	(3.4)
	Italy	5.2	(1.6)		8.7	(1.8)		86.2	(2.3)		23.2	(2.8)		26.7	(2.8)		50.1	(3.2)
	Japan	10.8	(2.5)		38.5	(4.0)		50.7	(4.2)		0.0	c		50.3	(3.6)		49.7	(3.6)
	Korea	4.7	(1.9)		23.7	(3.2)		71.6	(3.6)		3.3	(1.4)		54.6	(3.5)		42.1	(3.5)
	Latvia	6.0	(0.8)		13.1	(1.0)		80.9	(1.1)		1.5	(0.5)		44.4	(1.8)		54.1	(1.9)
	Lithuania	9.7	(0.7)		33.1	(1.5)		57.1	(1.4)		1.3	(0.4)		61.0	(1.8)		37.7	(1.8)
	Luxembourg	31.9	(0.1)		32.4	(0.1)		35.7	(0.1)		5.0	(0.0)		40.5	(0.1)		54.5	(0.1)
	Mexico	13.3	(2.3)		32.6	(2.9)		54.1	(3.3)		15.3	(2.3)		52.3	(3.0)		32.4	(3.0)
	Netherlands	51.3	(4.3)		17.1	(3.6)		31.6	(3.6)		4.6	(2.0)		75.3	(4.1)		20.1	(3.6)
	New Zealand	2.1	(0.8)		82.2	(2.8)		15.7	(2.7)		10.2	(2.3)		73.3	(3.2)		16.5	(2.3)
	Norway	3.2	(1.3)		9.9	(2.0)		86.9	(2.3)		7.6	(1.8)		40.2	(3.6)		52.2	(3.7)
	Poland	3.9	(1.4)		29.5	(3.1)		66.6	(3.3)		0.0	c		80.9	(2.3)		19.1	(2.3)
	Portugal	4.0	(1.6)		7.8	(1.6)		88.2	(2.1)		2.2	(0.9)		13.8	(2.5)		84.1	(2.6)
	Slovak Republic	9.6	(1.6)		26.1	(2.6)		64.3	(2.7)		1.5	(0.6)		58.7	(3.1)		39.8	(3.1)
	Slovenia	0.8	(0.0)		34.2	(0.5)		65.0	(0.5)		7.9	(0.6)		48.4	(0.7)		43.7	(0.6)
	Spain	5.4	(1.2)		33.0	(2.1)		61.6	(2.1)		11.1	(1.4)		30.5	(2.2)		58.5	(2.1)
	Sweden	1.7	(0.9)		14.2	(2.1)		84.0	(2.1)		1.9	(0.9)		23.1	(3.0)		75.0	(3.1)
	Switzerland	32.1	(3.3)		37.1	(3.0)		30.8	(2.8)		5.4	(1.5)		57.3	(3.4)		37.4	(3.4)
	Turkey	18.4	(3.2)		36.0	(3.7)		45.6	(3.7)		4.1	(1.3)		40.1	(3.9)		55.8	(4.0)
	United Kingdom	6.2	(1.6)		92.2	(1.9)		1.5	(1.0)		1.7	(0.9)	†	69.3	(3.3)	†	28.9	(3.1)	†
	United States	6.9	(2.5)		80.1	(3.5)		13.0	(2.7)		2.8	(1.8)		67.9	(3.5)		29.3	(3.7)
	OECD average	8.3	(0.3)		34.5	(0.4)		57.3	(0.4)		5.2	(0.2)		48.7	(0.5)		46.2	(0.5)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.3.7 [4/6]. Ability grouping in classes and into different classes

Results based on principals’ reports

		PISA 2018
		Percentage of students in schools that group students by ability into different classes									Percentage of students in schools that group students by ability in their classes
		For all subjects			For some subjects			Not for any subject			For all subjects			For some subjects			Not for any subject
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	13.4	(1.6)		36.2	(2.7)		50.4	(2.4)		33.1	(2.8)		36.2	(3.1)		30.8	(3.2)
	Argentina	3.0	(1.0)		32.2	(3.1)		64.8	(3.3)		7.9	(1.7)		47.2	(3.1)		44.8	(3.3)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	13.6	(3.3)	†	44.0	(4.2)	†	42.4	(4.5)	†	17.4	(3.1)	†	52.5	(4.4)	†	30.1	(4.1)	†
	Belarus	3.6	(1.4)		18.0	(2.5)		78.4	(2.8)		4.0	(1.5)		35.6	(3.5)		60.4	(3.6)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	17.3	(2.6)		26.7	(2.9)		56.0	(3.2)		14.6	(2.0)		42.5	(3.6)		43.0	(3.8)
	Brazil	10.7	(1.5)		4.7	(1.1)		84.6	(1.7)		10.5	(1.4)		8.6	(1.5)		80.9	(1.9)
	Brunei Darussalam	45.6	(0.1)		45.4	(0.1)		9.0	(0.0)		17.1	(0.1)		61.7	(0.1)		21.2	(0.1)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	18.5	(2.8)		40.7	(3.3)		40.8	(3.1)		31.7	(3.7)		56.2	(3.7)		12.1	(2.2)
	Bulgaria	12.8	(2.9)		19.4	(2.8)		67.8	(3.2)		13.5	(2.7)		36.7	(3.6)		49.8	(3.7)
	Costa Rica	22.3	(3.3)		24.8	(3.1)		52.9	(3.5)		58.8	(3.6)		21.3	(2.7)		19.9	(2.8)
	Croatia	14.1	(2.4)		20.9	(3.0)		65.0	(3.4)		6.4	(1.9)		34.7	(3.5)		58.9	(3.4)
	Cyprus	4.9	(0.7)		25.3	(0.8)		69.8	(0.5)		7.3	(0.7)		39.7	(0.9)		52.9	(0.6)
	Dominican Republic	17.4	(3.0)		30.2	(4.3)		52.5	(4.4)		22.6	(3.1)		36.1	(3.9)		41.3	(3.8)
	Georgia	2.7	(1.0)		10.9	(2.1)		86.4	(2.1)		3.0	(1.2)		20.9	(2.7)		76.1	(2.9)
	Hong Kong (China)	13.0	(3.6)		77.1	(4.1)		9.9	(3.2)		4.0	(1.6)		75.2	(4.0)		20.8	(3.7)
	Indonesia	23.1	(3.5)		21.4	(3.3)		55.5	(4.2)		15.3	(3.3)		26.3	(3.8)		58.4	(4.1)
	Jordan	39.3	(3.4)		19.3	(2.8)		41.3	(3.6)		41.7	(3.3)		22.8	(3.2)		35.5	(3.3)
	Kazakhstan	24.9	(2.4)		30.0	(2.3)		45.1	(2.5)		21.1	(2.6)		55.2	(2.8)		23.7	(2.3)
	Kosovo	24.3	(1.6)		40.0	(1.9)		35.7	(1.7)		25.3	(1.8)		46.5	(1.9)		28.1	(1.4)
	Lebanon	21.0	(2.4)		19.9	(2.7)		59.1	(3.2)		16.4	(2.4)		38.2	(3.1)		45.3	(2.9)
	Macao (China)	7.8	(0.0)		44.4	(0.0)		47.8	(0.0)		5.1	(0.0)		62.4	(0.1)		32.6	(0.0)
	Malaysia	33.6	(3.6)		48.2	(4.0)		18.2	(2.8)		23.6	(3.0)		45.9	(3.5)		30.5	(3.5)
	Malta	11.9	(0.1)		67.0	(0.1)		21.1	(0.1)		2.8	(0.0)		68.0	(0.1)		29.2	(0.1)
	Moldova	11.4	(2.7)		6.2	(2.0)		82.4	(3.1)		6.7	(1.8)		25.2	(3.5)		68.1	(3.6)
	Montenegro	39.0	(0.6)		12.2	(0.4)		48.8	(0.4)		31.1	(0.5)		30.4	(0.5)		38.5	(0.2)
	Morocco	31.3	(3.5)		5.6	(1.6)		63.0	(3.7)		19.4	(3.1)		6.1	(1.8)		74.5	(3.5)
	North Macedonia	32.0	(0.1)		26.3	(0.1)		41.7	(0.1)		32.7	(0.1)		39.5	(0.1)		27.8	(0.1)
	Panama	14.7	(1.9)		20.2	(2.4)		65.1	(2.7)		14.6	(2.0)		30.6	(2.9)		54.8	(3.0)
	Peru	6.1	(1.3)		13.2	(2.1)		80.7	(2.4)		7.6	(1.5)		35.2	(2.7)		57.2	(2.7)
	Philippines	24.7	(3.1)		41.6	(4.0)		33.8	(4.1)		21.1	(2.9)		49.8	(3.6)		29.0	(3.4)
	Qatar	19.1	(0.1)		55.8	(0.1)		25.2	(0.1)		26.5	(0.1)		52.1	(0.1)		21.4	(0.1)
	Romania	28.3	(3.8)		25.9	(3.7)		45.8	(4.5)		6.4	(2.1)		46.2	(4.1)		47.5	(4.4)
	Russia	15.5	(3.1)		13.8	(2.4)		70.7	(4.1)		11.7	(2.4)		34.7	(3.3)		53.6	(2.7)
	Saudi Arabia	51.3	(4.5)		15.4	(2.8)		33.3	(4.1)		52.9	(3.7)		24.5	(3.0)		22.6	(3.4)
	Serbia	17.6	(2.8)		21.2	(2.7)		61.2	(3.5)		17.7	(3.2)		31.5	(3.3)		50.8	(3.9)
	Singapore	9.4	(0.2)		82.1	(0.8)		8.5	(0.7)		9.2	(1.2)		70.1	(1.0)		20.8	(1.1)
	Chinese Taipei	1.9	(0.9)		25.7	(3.0)		72.4	(3.1)		3.2	(1.3)		42.1	(3.6)		54.7	(3.7)
	Thailand	27.5	(3.1)		44.2	(3.6)		28.3	(2.8)		14.4	(2.7)		55.5	(3.6)		30.1	(3.5)
Ukraine	19.7	(2.6)		26.8	(2.9)		53.5	(3.1)		14.9	(2.8)		46.8	(3.7)		38.3	(3.7)
United Arab Emirates	9.2	(0.4)		44.4	(1.4)		46.5	(1.4)		44.1	(1.6)		42.4	(1.7)		13.5	(0.5)
Uruguay	10.6	(1.9)		10.3	(2.3)		79.1	(3.0)		7.9	(2.2)		12.2	(2.5)		79.9	(3.2)
Viet Nam	19.6	(3.5)		63.0	(4.9)		17.4	(3.6)		19.8	(3.7)		56.9	(4.5)		23.2	(4.0)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.3.7 [5/6]. Ability grouping in classes and into different classes

Results based on principals’ reports

		Change between 2006 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2006)
		Percentage of students in schools that group students by ability into different classes									Percentage of students in schools that group students by ability in their classes
		For all subjects			For some subjects			Not for any subject			For all subjects			For some subjects			Not for any subject
		% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	0.7	(1.0)		-5.9	(2.3)		5.2	(2.1)		1.3	(1.4)		7.9	(3.6)		-9.1	(3.6)
	Austria	0.9	(1.7)		-2.7	(3.0)		1.7	(3.4)		-0.2	(1.1)		-6.8	(3.9)		7.0	(4.0)
	Belgium	-2.8	(3.4)		9.8	(3.3)		-7.0	(3.9)		-0.2	(2.1)		24.2	(4.2)		-24.0	(4.2)
	Canada	-2.3	(2.1)		-2.4	(2.6)		4.8	(2.0)		0.0	(1.5)		-6.4	(3.6)		6.4	(3.6)
	Chile	-16.0	(3.6)		0.9	(5.1)		15.1	(6.0)		1.7	(2.4)		-14.9	(6.3)		13.2	(6.3)
	Colombia	-9.4	(6.7)	†	9.5	(4.1)	†	-0.1	(7.4)	†	-21.3	(5.5)		0.5	(4.5)		20.8	(6.1)
	Czech Republic	-9.4	(3.2)		2.9	(3.9)		6.5	(4.7)		0.2	(0.7)		-2.7	(4.9)		2.6	(5.0)
	Denmark	1.0	(1.4)	†	5.9	(4.2)	†	-6.9	(4.3)	†	4.9	(2.5)		-11.8	(5.1)		6.9	(4.7)
	Estonia	-12.5	(2.9)		15.4	(3.0)		-2.9	(3.8)		-0.7	(1.7)		13.4	(4.2)		-12.7	(4.1)
	Finland	0.2	(0.2)		-1.3	(5.6)		1.1	(5.6)		-0.3	(1.5)		18.8	(5.2)		-18.5	(5.4)
	France	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Germany	-3.3	(2.6)		9.0	(3.8)		-5.7	(4.4)		9.5	(2.5)		4.0	(3.7)		-13.5	(4.2)
	Greece	1.4	(1.1)	†	-1.0	(2.6)	†	-0.4	(2.9)	†	2.3	(1.1)	†	7.3	(3.7)	†	-9.5	(3.7)	†
	Hungary	1.5	(1.8)		6.9	(4.9)		-8.5	(5.2)		0.1	(0.7)		10.4	(4.6)		-10.5	(4.6)
	Iceland	-2.5	(0.1)		-25.8	(0.2)		28.2	(0.2)		-3.8	(0.1)		-24.4	(0.3)		28.2	(0.3)
	Ireland	-4.8	(1.8)		1.0	(3.2)		3.8	(2.6)		3.1	(2.2)		-18.3	(6.1)		15.2	(6.0)
	Israel	-10.3	(4.4)		13.1	(4.7)		-2.8	(2.3)		1.4	(1.9)	†	7.0	(5.8)	†	-8.4	(5.8)	†
	Italy	2.9	(1.8)		0.5	(2.3)		-3.4	(2.8)		2.0	(3.5)		3.9	(3.6)		-5.9	(4.2)
	Japan	0.9	(3.5)		12.5	(5.2)		-13.4	(5.4)		0.0	c		13.6	(5.0)		-13.6	(5.0)
	Korea	-0.2	(3.1)		-50.0	(5.2)		50.2	(5.0)		-0.4	(2.2)		-7.6	(5.6)		8.1	(5.6)
	Latvia	-9.2	(3.3)		5.6	(2.3)		3.6	(3.4)		-3.0	(2.1)		5.2	(4.3)		-2.2	(4.4)
	Lithuania	4.5	(2.0)		15.2	(3.6)		-19.7	(4.0)		-2.9	(1.6)		3.9	(4.5)		-1.1	(4.2)
	Luxembourg	-13.5	(0.1)		17.1	(0.1)		-3.6	(0.1)		3.0	(0.0)		15.7	(0.1)		-18.7	(0.1)
	Mexico	-1.1	(3.1)		-7.5	(4.0)		8.6	(4.5)		-10.7	(3.7)		9.8	(4.3)		0.9	(4.3)
	Netherlands	4.8	(5.9)		-2.5	(4.9)		-2.3	(5.1)		0.4	(2.6)		12.4	(5.5)		-12.8	(5.0)
	New Zealand	0.2	(1.2)		-4.5	(3.7)		4.3	(3.5)		6.0	(2.8)		-4.3	(4.5)		-1.6	(3.8)
	Norway	3.2	(1.3)		1.3	(2.8)		-4.5	(3.0)		4.7	(2.1)		3.6	(5.4)		-8.3	(5.6)
	Poland	1.2	(1.9)		17.6	(4.0)		-18.9	(4.2)		-0.7	(0.6)		38.9	(4.5)		-38.2	(4.5)
	Portugal	-6.6	(3.0)		-4.1	(3.3)		10.7	(4.2)		-2.0	(1.8)		-25.2	(4.9)		27.2	(5.1)
	Slovak Republic	-6.6	(3.7)		3.9	(4.2)		2.7	(5.2)		0.1	(1.0)		-3.3	(4.8)		3.2	(4.9)
	Slovenia	0.0	(0.4)		16.8	(0.8)		-16.7	(0.6)		4.2	(0.7)		16.6	(0.8)		-20.8	(0.7)
	Spain	-2.1	(1.8)		-9.6	(4.2)		11.7	(4.3)		2.0	(2.7)		-14.5	(4.1)		12.5	(4.2)
	Sweden	-1.5	(1.6)		-23.2	(4.5)		24.7	(4.6)		-1.0	(1.5)		-38.1	(5.0)		39.1	(4.9)
	Switzerland	-8.5	(4.3)		12.2	(4.1)		-3.7	(3.9)		4.0	(1.5)		15.2	(4.9)		-19.2	(4.9)
	Turkey	2.9	(4.7)		23.9	(5.0)		-26.8	(5.9)		-2.7	(2.6)		22.9	(5.3)		-20.2	(5.6)
	United Kingdom	-0.6	(2.3)		-0.6	(2.5)		1.2	(1.0)		0.2	(1.2)	†	-5.2	(4.3)	†	5.0	(4.2)	†
	United States	2.3	(3.2)		-0.6	(5.0)		-1.6	(4.1)		-0.8	(2.2)		27.0	(5.5)		-26.2	(5.8)
	OECD average	-3.3	(0.5)		0.9	(0.6)		2.4	(0.7)		-0.6	(0.4)		2.6	(0.7)		-2.1	(0.8)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.3.7 [6/6]. Ability grouping in classes and into different classes

Results based on principals’ reports

		Change between 2006 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2006)
		Percentage of students in schools that group students by ability into different classes									Percentage of students in schools that group students by ability in their classes
		For all subjects			For some subjects			Not for any subject			For all subjects			For some subjects			Not for any subject
% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Argentina	-5.0	(2.1)		8.5	(5.4)		-3.5	(5.7)		-11.2	(3.9)		9.5	(5.8)		1.7	(5.3)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	-14.8	(3.1)		-0.9	(2.0)		15.7	(3.3)		-21.0	(3.3)		-5.6	(2.8)		26.6	(3.6)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	5.5	(3.7)		-8.0	(5.0)		2.6	(5.3)		5.9	(3.5)		5.3	(5.5)		-11.1	(5.7)
	Costa Rica	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Croatia	-11.9	(4.2)		16.1	(3.4)		-4.2	(5.1)		1.8	(2.4)		7.2	(5.1)		-9.0	(5.1)
	Cyprus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Hong Kong (China)	-3.6	(4.6)		46.0	(5.5)		-42.4	(5.2)		2.5	(1.9)		30.2	(5.7)		-32.7	(5.5)
	Indonesia	-15.6	(6.1)	†	7.4	(4.5)	†	8.2	(6.6)	†	-40.3	(5.0)		14.2	(4.8)		26.1	(5.1)
	Jordan	23.3	(4.7)		-25.5	(5.7)		2.2	(6.0)		16.7	(4.6)		-39.0	(5.0)		22.2	(4.1)
	Kazakhstan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	-5.6	(0.1)		23.3	(0.1)		-17.7	(0.1)		5.1	(0.0)		47.0	(0.1)		-52.1	(0.1)
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Moldova	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Montenegro	-4.5	(0.6)		0.4	(0.5)		4.0	(0.5)		-22.7	(0.6)	†	23.9	(0.5)	†	-1.1	(0.3)	†
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Peru	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	-15.3	(0.1)		23.6	(0.2)		-8.3	(0.2)		-9.2	(0.2)		16.7	(0.2)		-7.5	(0.2)
	Romania	0.5	(5.6)		-15.5	(6.4)		15.0	(6.3)		-4.1	(3.9)		-8.4	(7.8)		12.5	(7.3)
	Russia	-12.9	(4.6)		-2.7	(4.0)		15.5	(6.3)		-8.7	(4.2)		-15.8	(5.8)		24.6	(4.8)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	8.8	(3.7)		19.5	(2.9)		-28.3	(4.4)		-11.3	(4.8)		19.9	(4.2)		-8.6	(5.5)
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	-6.3	(1.9)		6.2	(4.0)		0.1	(4.3)		2.6	(1.4)		10.8	(4.7)		-13.4	(4.8)
	Thailand	15.4	(3.9)		1.3	(5.2)		-16.7	(4.7)		-23.9	(4.9)		13.2	(5.1)		10.7	(4.8)
Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
United Arab Emirates	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
Uruguay	6.5	(2.3)		5.1	(2.7)		-11.6	(3.5)		-7.8	(3.2)		-0.7	(3.4)		8.5	(4.3)
Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.4.2 [1/6]. Shortage of education staff in 2015 and 2018

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered to some extent or a lot by the following factors:
		PISA 2015
		A lack of teaching staff			Inadequate or poorly qualified teaching staff			A lack of assisting staff			Inadequate or poorly qualified assisting staff
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	20.5	(1.4)		17.6	(1.6)		18.1	(1.5)		12.8	(1.4)
	Austria	19.1	(2.8)		13.8	(2.6)		60.7	(3.7)		27.7	(3.4)
	Belgium	33.9	(3.1)		30.3	(2.8)		37.4	(3.1)		19.5	(2.5)
	Canada	18.8	(2.2)		13.2	(2.0)		32.4	(2.6)		15.1	(2.3)
	Chile	17.2	(3.1)		19.2	(3.4)		17.2	(2.9)		14.3	(2.7)
	Colombia	41.4	(3.3)		26.7	(3.1)		69.7	(2.9)		31.4	(3.3)
	Czech Republic	13.2	(1.8)		17.4	(2.3)		27.0	(3.1)		9.4	(2.0)
	Denmark	6.0	(1.6)		4.9	(1.4)		21.3	(3.1)		8.3	(1.9)
	Estonia	34.6	(2.9)		27.3	(2.6)		37.7	(2.5)		16.1	(2.0)
	Finland	2.8	(1.2)		3.8	(1.6)		46.1	(3.7)		24.7	(3.7)
	France	34.7	(2.7)		20.4	(2.9)		34.3	(3.0)		17.6	(2.5)
	Germany	55.1	(3.8)		23.5	(3.2)		53.4	(3.6)		17.7	(2.5)	†
	Greece	44.3	(3.0)		21.0	(2.9)		72.8	(3.1)		32.8	(3.5)
	Hungary	33.8	(3.0)		18.6	(2.7)		54.9	(4.0)		6.9	(1.6)
	Iceland	13.3	(0.2)		14.8	(0.2)		27.8	(0.3)		10.9	(0.1)
	Ireland	55.5	(4.1)		13.3	(3.1)		40.6	(4.0)		23.9	(3.7)
	Israel	41.1	(4.1)		40.6	(4.2)		33.2	(3.7)		26.6	(3.8)
	Italy	31.5	(4.0)	†	40.9	(3.5)	†	45.4	(3.7)	†	32.1	(3.8)	†
	Japan	55.1	(3.3)		43.7	(3.6)		36.0	(3.4)		18.1	(2.8)
	Korea	38.8	(3.8)		11.4	(2.4)		72.6	(3.5)		13.2	(2.6)
	Latvia	21.5	(2.2)		15.0	(2.1)		27.5	(2.5)		14.3	(2.1)
	Lithuania	11.3	(1.8)		15.5	(2.1)		21.2	(2.5)		12.3	(2.1)
	Luxembourg	59.0	(0.1)		20.6	(0.1)		43.2	(0.1)		17.9	(0.1)
	Mexico	29.1	(2.9)		14.4	(2.2)		46.7	(3.3)		19.7	(2.3)
	Netherlands	27.1	(4.0)	†	35.6	(4.5)	†	10.0	(2.9)	†	14.9	(3.5)	†
	New Zealand	20.9	(3.1)		15.8	(3.0)		19.2	(3.5)		7.9	(2.3)
	Norway	21.5	(3.0)		17.5	(2.4)		12.4	(2.4)		19.5	(2.7)
	Poland	0.2	(0.2)		0.6	(0.6)		17.0	(2.9)		12.4	(2.4)
	Portugal	39.7	(3.4)		30.9	(3.4)		73.6	(2.6)		68.0	(3.0)
	Slovak Republic	9.9	(1.9)		6.3	(1.3)		24.9	(2.9)		8.6	(1.8)
	Slovenia	18.9	(0.5)		10.4	(0.6)		16.4	(0.6)		7.8	(0.4)
	Spain	55.5	(2.8)		28.2	(3.2)		60.0	(3.0)		12.0	(2.0)
	Sweden	39.1	(3.8)		38.1	(3.7)		42.6	(3.6)		35.4	(3.8)
	Switzerland	23.8	(2.9)		15.3	(2.9)		16.8	(2.7)		4.8	(1.7)
	Turkey	29.3	(3.4)		26.4	(3.4)		53.2	(4.0)		50.9	(3.6)
	United Kingdom	42.8	(4.0)	†	20.1	(3.4)	†	19.0	(2.6)	†	12.0	(2.5)	†
	United States	23.7	(3.1)		14.2	(3.0)		24.1	(3.4)		11.7	(2.2)
	OECD average	29.3	(0.5)		20.2	(0.5)		36.9	(0.5)		19.2	(0.4)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.4.2 [2/6]. Shortage of education staff in 2015 and 2018

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered to some extent or a lot by the following factors:
		PISA 2015
		A lack of teaching staff			Inadequate or poorly qualified teaching staff			A lack of assisting staff			Inadequate or poorly qualified assisting staff
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	13.7	(2.7)		16.8	(2.8)		38.2	(3.8)		30.8	(3.5)
	Argentina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	26.0	(2.3)		19.9	(2.6)		37.3	(2.4)		25.6	(2.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	6.8	(1.6)		7.2	(1.8)		2.7	(0.9)		3.3	(1.4)
	Costa Rica	46.8	(4.0)		45.0	(3.7)		58.8	(3.4)		50.2	(3.7)
	Croatia	20.5	(3.1)		20.5	(3.5)		43.0	(4.0)		18.9	(3.3)
	Cyprus	19.2	(0.1)		31.9	(0.1)		30.1	(0.1)		20.6	(0.1)
	Dominican Republic	29.6	(3.0)		21.5	(3.3)		29.5	(4.5)		14.8	(2.8)
	Georgia	6.0	(1.4)		20.7	(3.0)		27.7	(2.9)		17.6	(2.4)
	Hong Kong (China)	22.3	(3.5)		11.5	(2.7)		24.9	(3.4)		7.4	(2.4)
	Indonesia	32.2	(3.1)		22.0	(2.9)		30.8	(2.9)		20.9	(2.8)
	Jordan	56.3	(3.8)		57.1	(4.1)		48.5	(3.8)		43.4	(3.8)
	Kazakhstan	32.8	(3.8)		27.7	(3.5)		26.3	(3.2)		19.9	(3.1)
	Kosovo	19.9	(1.0)		15.0	(1.0)		33.2	(1.3)		20.0	(1.1)
	Lebanon	22.7	(3.1)		18.6	(2.6)		30.3	(3.4)		15.9	(2.6)
	Macao (China)	33.8	(0.1)		45.7	(0.1)		26.3	(0.1)		22.5	(0.1)
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	12.1	(0.1)		10.6	(0.1)		48.5	(0.1)		24.1	(0.1)
	Moldova	25.7	(3.3)		25.1	(2.9)		12.6	(2.3)		15.3	(2.8)
	Montenegro	1.1	(0.3)		0.4	(0.3)		2.5	(0.4)		5.7	(0.2)
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	4.1	(0.1)		6.1	(0.1)		23.2	(0.2)		15.4	(0.1)
	Panama	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Peru	25.0	(2.6)		24.6	(2.8)		41.8	(3.1)		31.3	(3.2)
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	17.2	(0.1)		8.4	(0.0)		11.2	(0.1)		9.5	(0.1)
	Romania	5.4	(1.5)		3.0	(1.0)		29.8	(3.6)		30.0	(3.7)
	Russia	41.4	(3.6)		42.9	(3.3)		29.3	(4.2)		19.6	(3.5)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Singapore	10.7	(0.1)		12.5	(0.1)		12.7	(0.7)		7.8	(0.7)
	Chinese Taipei	39.4	(3.2)		18.7	(2.5)		32.6	(3.4)		11.5	(2.5)
	Thailand	53.0	(4.1)		29.4	(3.4)		47.9	(4.1)		25.5	(3.5)
Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
United Arab Emirates	38.3	(2.5)		32.9	(2.4)		36.6	(2.1)		27.9	(2.0)
Uruguay	44.9	(3.1)		29.9	(2.4)		55.1	(2.8)		39.4	(2.8)
Viet Nam	28.6	(4.1)		21.1	(3.2)		34.8	(3.8)		27.6	(3.7)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.4.2 [3/6]. Shortage of education staff in 2015 and 2018

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered to some extent or a lot by the following factors:
		PISA 2018
		A lack of teaching staff			Inadequate or poorly qualified teaching staff			A lack of assisting staff			Inadequate or poorly qualified assisting staff
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	17.0	(1.2)		14.3	(1.4)		12.4	(1.2)		7.7	(1.0)
	Austria	11.9	(1.9)		9.3	(2.3)		66.0	(3.0)		28.2	(3.3)
	Belgium	43.5	(3.1)		25.5	(2.9)		32.8	(2.9)		16.9	(2.4)
	Canada	19.4	(1.7)		7.1	(1.2)		27.9	(2.2)		11.3	(1.4)
	Chile	12.6	(2.6)		18.1	(2.8)		21.5	(3.4)		16.3	(2.7)
	Colombia	30.6	(2.9)		16.8	(2.6)		58.8	(3.2)		26.7	(2.9)
	Czech Republic	35.2	(2.8)		19.8	(2.7)		33.4	(2.8)		15.0	(2.2)
	Denmark	5.3	(1.3)		2.5	(1.0)		13.2	(2.2)		6.0	(1.7)
	Estonia	43.6	(2.1)		33.2	(2.0)		37.3	(2.0)		19.7	(1.6)
	Finland	7.3	(2.1)		6.2	(1.9)		38.0	(3.4)		22.0	(2.8)
	France	17.1	(2.6)		11.3	(2.4)		31.7	(3.4)		13.0	(2.1)
	Germany	56.9	(3.6)		15.6	(2.5)		48.8	(3.4)		18.2	(3.1)
	Greece	26.3	(3.1)		12.8	(2.3)		64.4	(3.4)		27.0	(3.3)
	Hungary	33.7	(3.4)		9.9	(2.5)		44.3	(3.6)		9.6	(2.3)
	Iceland	9.9	(0.2)		3.7	(0.1)		17.7	(0.2)		12.2	(0.2)
	Ireland	44.8	(4.0)		11.1	(2.6)		26.0	(3.5)		15.6	(3.2)
	Israel	37.6	(3.5)		33.8	(3.8)		35.9	(3.7)		27.8	(3.5)
	Italy	22.7	(2.8)		26.3	(2.8)		48.8	(3.4)		32.1	(3.0)
	Japan	52.8	(3.7)		40.0	(3.4)		31.7	(3.4)		19.5	(2.4)
	Korea	32.6	(3.4)		17.0	(2.9)		55.9	(3.8)		11.6	(2.4)
	Latvia	28.2	(1.6)		10.5	(1.1)		17.3	(1.9)		9.8	(1.4)
	Lithuania	7.2	(0.5)		3.6	(0.9)		6.7	(0.9)		4.6	(0.8)
	Luxembourg	75.3	(0.1)		13.0	(0.1)		55.0	(0.1)		11.3	(0.1)
	Mexico	25.3	(2.3)		9.0	(1.9)		35.2	(2.9)		14.8	(2.2)
	Netherlands	35.7	(4.1)		23.6	(3.6)		9.9	(2.7)		8.5	(2.5)
	New Zealand	37.2	(3.1)		16.4	(2.2)		19.4	(2.7)		8.3	(1.8)
	Norway	11.3	(1.7)		5.0	(1.4)		7.9	(2.1)		10.2	(1.9)
	Poland	2.6	(1.1)		1.2	(0.7)		8.7	(1.9)		5.7	(1.7)
	Portugal	31.8	(3.1)		23.0	(3.1)		67.7	(2.9)		57.4	(3.7)
	Slovak Republic	11.4	(1.9)		4.9	(1.1)		29.1	(2.4)		10.7	(1.5)
	Slovenia	22.8	(0.6)		11.2	(0.2)		25.5	(0.5)		7.9	(0.1)
	Spain	42.7	(2.4)		22.2	(1.8)		59.4	(2.3)		15.2	(1.4)
	Sweden	30.1	(3.2)		32.0	(3.0)		29.2	(3.4)		38.6	(3.8)
	Switzerland	11.0	(2.5)		5.1	(1.5)		11.5	(2.1)		3.8	(1.5)
	Turkey	14.7	(2.1)		20.4	(3.2)		35.6	(3.6)		26.6	(3.5)
	United Kingdom	28.1	(3.1)		8.6	(1.9)		21.5	(2.6)		7.8	(1.7)
	United States	25.8	(3.6)		13.2	(2.1)		26.8	(3.7)		13.9	(2.6)
	OECD average	27.1	(0.4)		15.1	(0.4)		32.8	(0.5)		16.5	(0.4)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.4.2 [4/6]. Shortage of education staff in 2015 and 2018

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered to some extent or a lot by the following factors:
		PISA 2018
		A lack of teaching staff			Inadequate or poorly qualified teaching staff			A lack of assisting staff			Inadequate or poorly qualified assisting staff
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	3.9	(1.2)		4.4	(1.0)		13.6	(1.6)		11.0	(1.4)
	Argentina	25.9	(2.7)		17.9	(2.6)		35.6	(2.8)		19.6	(2.3)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	42.8	(4.5)	†	27.9	(4.0)	†	28.5	(3.9)	†	17.0	(2.9)	†
	Belarus	9.6	(2.2)		11.8	(2.4)		8.8	(1.9)		5.3	(1.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	4.6	(1.1)		4.6	(1.4)		15.3	(2.3)		3.9	(1.3)
	Brazil	17.6	(1.8)		11.3	(1.6)		34.1	(2.2)		15.2	(1.8)
	Brunei Darussalam	15.0	(0.1)		6.5	(0.0)		27.5	(0.1)		19.9	(0.1)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	41.4	(3.7)		40.7	(3.8)		26.3	(3.2)		25.9	(2.9)
	Bulgaria	8.0	(1.6)		5.9	(1.8)		4.3	(1.6)		3.0	(1.3)
	Costa Rica	39.9	(3.4)		35.7	(3.3)		47.5	(3.7)		41.5	(3.5)
	Croatia	18.3	(2.6)		15.5	(2.4)		45.1	(3.7)		18.1	(2.8)
	Cyprus	7.3	(0.1)		15.7	(0.1)		25.7	(0.1)		11.5	(0.2)
	Dominican Republic	27.6	(3.2)		19.1	(2.7)		31.7	(3.2)		11.8	(2.5)
	Georgia	4.6	(1.2)		19.9	(2.9)		29.4	(3.1)		17.4	(2.3)
	Hong Kong (China)	23.7	(4.1)		10.6	(2.9)		40.1	(4.8)		19.7	(3.7)
	Indonesia	42.4	(4.7)		24.9	(4.0)		41.7	(4.4)		31.6	(4.1)
	Jordan	40.9	(3.3)		40.3	(2.9)		50.4	(3.4)		42.5	(3.3)
	Kazakhstan	29.3	(2.4)		19.3	(2.3)		14.0	(1.6)		13.4	(2.1)
	Kosovo	19.1	(1.1)		10.3	(1.3)		29.1	(1.6)		16.6	(1.1)
	Lebanon	15.1	(2.1)		14.1	(2.0)		26.3	(2.6)		16.5	(1.9)
	Macao (China)	12.0	(0.0)		23.9	(0.0)		11.7	(0.0)		20.1	(0.0)
	Malaysia	7.5	(2.0)		12.6	(2.5)		12.7	(2.5)		9.7	(2.3)
	Malta	16.4	(0.1)		15.3	(0.1)		24.2	(0.1)		15.6	(0.1)
	Moldova	28.7	(3.5)		12.9	(2.3)		22.9	(3.3)		18.4	(2.7)
	Montenegro	1.7	(0.2)		2.9	(0.3)		7.5	(0.3)		2.9	(0.0)
	Morocco	36.9	(3.8)		31.6	(3.8)		74.1	(2.8)		49.2	(4.0)
	North Macedonia	3.6	(0.1)		1.9	(0.0)		31.0	(0.1)		7.8	(0.0)
	Panama	14.8	(2.1)		11.8	(1.8)		53.7	(2.6)		30.6	(2.4)
	Peru	16.5	(2.2)		20.6	(2.3)		41.7	(2.6)		34.9	(2.7)
	Philippines	19.5	(2.6)		8.1	(2.2)		24.1	(3.2)		14.9	(2.8)
	Qatar	11.4	(0.0)		5.5	(0.0)		11.7	(0.0)		7.9	(0.0)
	Romania	8.8	(2.3)		4.2	(1.6)		20.2	(3.2)		18.0	(2.9)
	Russia	43.1	(2.6)		37.2	(2.9)		22.8	(2.8)		12.1	(2.1)
	Saudi Arabia	49.5	(3.4)		39.6	(3.5)		47.6	(3.7)		40.9	(3.2)
	Serbia	2.3	(1.2)		3.6	(1.3)		20.8	(3.0)		2.4	(1.2)
	Singapore	5.3	(0.2)		6.3	(0.2)		7.2	(0.2)		4.3	(0.2)
	Chinese Taipei	19.6	(2.6)		15.9	(2.9)		12.9	(2.4)		7.7	(1.9)
	Thailand	37.7	(3.8)		17.4	(2.2)		33.6	(3.2)		19.8	(3.0)
Ukraine	19.6	(2.1)		16.0	(2.5)		24.8	(3.1)		14.9	(2.5)
United Arab Emirates	27.7	(1.4)		29.9	(1.4)		30.2	(1.2)		23.2	(1.3)
Uruguay	28.6	(3.4)		26.7	(3.2)		53.2	(3.4)		41.1	(3.1)
Viet Nam	23.8	(4.1)		15.0	(3.2)		30.9	(4.8)		21.9	(3.9)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.4.2 [5/6]. Shortage of education staff in 2015 and 2018

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered to some extent or a lot by the following factors:
		Change between 2015 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
		A lack of teaching staff		Inadequate or poorly qualified teaching staff			A lack of assisting staff			Inadequate or poorly qualified assisting staff
		% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	-3.5	(1.8)		-3.3	(2.1)		-5.7	(1.9)		-5.1	(1.7)
	Austria	-7.2	(3.4)		-4.6	(3.5)		5.3	(4.8)		0.6	(4.8)
	Belgium	9.6	(4.3)		-4.8	(4.1)		-4.6	(4.3)		-2.6	(3.4)
	Canada	0.6	(2.8)		-6.1	(2.3)		-4.5	(3.4)		-3.8	(2.7)
	Chile	-4.6	(4.1)		-1.1	(4.4)		4.3	(4.5)		2.0	(3.9)
	Colombia	-10.7	(4.4)		-9.9	(4.1)		-10.9	(4.3)		-4.8	(4.4)
	Czech Republic	22.0	(3.3)		2.4	(3.5)		6.4	(4.1)		5.6	(3.0)
	Denmark	-0.7	(2.0)		-2.4	(1.7)		-8.2	(3.8)		-2.3	(2.5)
	Estonia	9.0	(3.6)		5.9	(3.3)		-0.4	(3.1)		3.6	(2.5)
	Finland	4.6	(2.4)		2.3	(2.5)		-8.1	(5.0)		-2.8	(4.7)
	France	-17.6	(3.8)		-9.1	(3.7)		-2.5	(4.5)		-4.6	(3.3)
	Germany	1.8	(5.2)		-7.9	(4.1)		-4.7	(4.9)		0.4	(3.9)	†
	Greece	-18.1	(4.4)		-8.2	(3.7)		-8.4	(4.6)		-5.7	(4.8)
	Hungary	-0.2	(4.5)		-8.7	(3.7)		-10.5	(5.3)		2.7	(2.8)
	Iceland	-3.3	(0.3)		-11.1	(0.2)		-10.1	(0.3)		1.3	(0.2)
	Ireland	-10.7	(5.7)		-2.1	(4.0)		-14.6	(5.3)		-8.3	(4.9)
	Israel	-3.5	(5.4)		-6.8	(5.6)		2.7	(5.3)		1.2	(5.2)
	Italy	-8.8	(4.9)	†	-14.6	(4.5)	†	3.4	(5.1)	†	0.0	(4.8)	†
	Japan	-2.2	(5.0)		-3.7	(4.9)		-4.3	(4.9)		1.4	(3.7)
	Korea	-6.2	(5.1)		5.6	(3.8)		-16.7	(5.1)		-1.6	(3.5)
	Latvia	6.7	(2.7)		-4.5	(2.3)		-10.2	(3.2)		-4.5	(2.5)
	Lithuania	-4.1	(1.9)		-11.9	(2.3)		-14.5	(2.7)		-7.7	(2.2)
	Luxembourg	16.3	(0.1)		-7.6	(0.1)		11.8	(0.1)		-6.6	(0.1)
	Mexico	-3.9	(3.7)		-5.4	(3.0)		-11.5	(4.3)		-4.8	(3.2)
	Netherlands	8.6	(5.7)	†	-12.0	(5.8)	†	0.0	(4.0)	†	-6.4	(4.3)	†
	New Zealand	16.2	(4.4)		0.6	(3.7)		0.2	(4.4)		0.4	(2.9)
	Norway	-10.2	(3.5)		-12.6	(2.8)		-4.5	(3.2)		-9.3	(3.3)
	Poland	2.5	(1.1)		0.6	(0.9)		-8.3	(3.4)		-6.8	(2.9)
	Portugal	-7.8	(4.6)		-7.9	(4.6)		-5.9	(3.9)		-10.5	(4.8)
	Slovak Republic	1.5	(2.7)		-1.4	(1.7)		4.2	(3.8)		2.1	(2.3)
	Slovenia	3.9	(0.7)		0.8	(0.6)		9.1	(0.8)		0.2	(0.4)
	Spain	-12.8	(3.6)		-5.9	(3.7)		-0.6	(3.8)		3.2	(2.4)
	Sweden	-9.0	(4.9)		-6.2	(4.8)		-13.5	(5.0)		3.2	(5.4)
	Switzerland	-12.8	(3.8)		-10.2	(3.2)		-5.3	(3.5)		-1.0	(2.3)
	Turkey	-14.6	(4.0)		-6.0	(4.6)		-17.6	(5.4)		-24.3	(5.0)
	United Kingdom	-14.7	(5.0)	†	-11.4	(3.9)	†	2.5	(3.7)	†	-4.2	(3.0)	†
	United States	2.1	(4.7)		-1.0	(3.7)		2.7	(5.0)		2.1	(3.4)
	OECD average	-2.2	(0.6)		-5.1	(0.6)		-4.1	(0.7)		-2.6	(0.6)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.4.2 [6/6]. Shortage of education staff in 2015 and 2018

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered to some extent or a lot by the following factors:
		Change between 2015 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
		A lack of teaching staff			Inadequate or poorly qualified teaching staff			A lack of assisting staff			Inadequate or poorly qualified assisting staff
		% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	-9.8	(3.0)		-12.3	(3.0)		-24.6	(4.2)		-19.8	(3.8)
	Argentina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	-8.3	(2.9)		-8.6	(3.0)		-3.2	(3.3)		-10.4	(3.1)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	1.2	(2.2)		-1.4	(2.6)		1.6	(1.8)		-0.3	(1.9)
	Costa Rica	-6.9	(5.3)		-9.3	(4.9)		-11.3	(5.0)		-8.7	(5.1)
	Croatia	-2.2	(4.1)		-5.0	(4.3)		2.1	(5.4)		-0.8	(4.3)
	Cyprus	-11.9	(0.1)		-16.2	(0.2)		-4.3	(0.2)		-9.1	(0.2)
	Dominican Republic	-2.0	(4.4)		-2.4	(4.3)		2.2	(5.5)		-3.0	(3.7)
	Georgia	-1.5	(1.8)		-0.8	(4.2)		1.6	(4.3)		-0.2	(3.3)
	Hong Kong (China)	1.4	(5.3)		-0.9	(4.0)		15.2	(5.9)		12.3	(4.4)
	Indonesia	10.3	(5.6)		2.9	(5.0)		10.9	(5.2)		10.7	(5.0)
	Jordan	-15.4	(5.0)		-16.7	(5.0)		1.9	(5.1)		-0.9	(5.1)
	Kazakhstan	-3.4	(4.6)		-8.4	(4.1)		-12.2	(3.5)		-6.5	(3.7)
	Kosovo	-0.8	(1.5)		-4.7	(1.7)		-4.0	(2.1)		-3.4	(1.6)
	Lebanon	-7.6	(3.8)		-4.5	(3.3)		-4.0	(4.2)		0.6	(3.3)
	Macao (China)	-21.8	(0.1)		-21.9	(0.1)		-14.5	(0.1)		-2.4	(0.1)
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	4.3	(0.2)		4.7	(0.1)		-24.3	(0.2)		-8.5	(0.2)
	Moldova	3.0	(4.8)		-12.2	(3.7)		10.3	(4.0)		3.0	(3.9)
	Montenegro	0.6	(0.4)		2.5	(0.4)		5.0	(0.5)		-2.8	(0.2)
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	-0.5	(0.1)		-4.2	(0.1)		7.8	(0.2)		-7.6	(0.1)
	Panama	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Peru	-8.5	(3.4)		-4.0	(3.6)		-0.2	(4.1)		3.6	(4.1)
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	-5.9	(0.1)		-2.9	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)		-1.6	(0.1)
	Romania	3.4	(2.7)		1.2	(1.9)		-9.6	(4.9)		-12.0	(4.7)
	Russia	1.7	(4.4)		-5.8	(4.4)		-6.5	(5.1)		-7.5	(4.0)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Singapore	-5.4	(0.2)		-6.2	(0.2)		-5.5	(0.7)		-3.5	(0.7)
	Chinese Taipei	-19.8	(4.1)		-2.8	(3.8)		-19.7	(4.2)		-3.8	(3.1)
	Thailand	-15.3	(5.6)		-12.0	(4.1)		-14.3	(5.2)		-5.7	(4.6)
Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
United Arab Emirates	-10.6	(2.8)		-3.0	(2.7)		-6.4	(2.4)		-4.7	(2.4)
Uruguay	-16.3	(4.6)		-3.2	(4.0)		-1.9	(4.5)		1.7	(4.2)
Viet Nam	-4.8	(5.8)		-6.0	(4.5)		-3.9	(6.1)		-5.6	(5.4)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.4.11 [1/8]. Language-of-instruction class size, school characteristics and reading performance

In modal grade for 15-year-olds; results based on principals’ reports

		All students						By school socio-economic profile1
		Average			Variability in this index			Bottom quarter			Second quarter			Third quarter				Top quarter			Top - bottom quarter
		Mean	S.E.	x	S.D.	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	24.7	(0.1)		3.4	(0.1)		24.1	(0.3)		25.0	(0.3)		25.2	(0.3)		24.7	(0.3)		0.6	(0.4)
	Austria	22.8	(0.3)		4.9	(0.2)		19.5	(0.7)		22.7	(0.7)		24.9	(0.6)		23.8	(0.5)		4.2	(0.8)
	Belgium	19.8	(0.2)		3.8	(0.1)		17.7	(0.4)		18.6	(0.4)		20.7	(0.5)		22.0	(0.3)		4.3	(0.5)
	Canada	27.3	(0.2)		4.7	(0.2)		27.0	(0.5)		26.5	(0.3)		27.7	(0.4)		28.0	(0.3)		1.0	(0.6)
	Chile	34.8	(0.5)		7.2	(0.3)		33.0	(1.1)		34.7	(1.2)		36.5	(1.2)		34.9	(0.8)		1.8	(1.4)
	Colombia	37.9	(0.8)		11.2	(0.4)		35.1	(2.0)		39.7	(2.2)		39.3	(1.7)		37.3	(1.6)		2.1	(2.6)
	Czech Republic	24.1	(0.3)		4.8	(0.2)		21.2	(0.6)		23.8	(0.6)		25.0	(0.6)		26.3	(0.6)		5.1	(0.9)
	Denmark	21.4	(0.2)		3.2	(0.2)		20.5	(0.4)		20.7	(0.5)		21.8	(0.5)		22.5	(0.4)		2.0	(0.6)
	Estonia	22.6	(0.2)		7.0	(0.2)		19.0	(0.5)		22.3	(0.5)		24.6	(0.4)		24.5	(0.5)		5.4	(0.7)
	Finland	19.6	(0.2)		3.2	(0.1)		18.0	(0.4)		18.8	(0.5)		20.9	(0.4)		20.7	(0.5)		2.7	(0.7)
	France	29.8	(0.3)		4.9	(0.3)		26.0	(0.6)		29.0	(0.8)		30.7	(0.9)		33.2	(0.5)		7.2	(0.7)
	Germany	25.0	(0.3)		4.5	(0.4)		22.0	(0.8)		25.6	(0.8)		25.9	(0.5)		26.8	(0.3)		4.8	(0.8)
	Greece	23.0	(0.2)		4.0	(0.4)		21.7	(0.6)		22.6	(0.6)		24.2	(0.4)		23.7	(0.5)		2.0	(0.8)
	Hungary	27.8	(0.7)		10.3	(0.7)		21.6	(1.0)		28.6	(2.0)		30.6	(1.7)		30.4	(1.3)		8.8	(1.6)
	Iceland	18.9	(0.0)		3.7	(0.0)		16.7	(0.1)		18.9	(0.1)		19.0	(0.0)		20.9	(0.0)		4.2	(0.1)
	Ireland	24.1	(0.3)		3.9	(0.2)		21.9	(0.7)		24.9	(0.7)		24.8	(0.5)		24.9	(0.6)		3.1	(1.0)
	Israel	29.9	(0.3)		6.1	(0.3)		25.7	(0.9)		29.9	(1.0)		31.9	(0.8)		32.2	(0.9)		6.4	(1.2)
	Italy	22.9	(0.3)		5.1	(0.8)		21.5	(0.7)		22.8	(0.8)		23.3	(0.5)		23.9	(0.7)		2.4	(1.0)
	Japan	35.1	(0.5)		6.8	(0.4)		31.4	(1.3)		35.3	(0.8)		36.7	(1.1)		37.0	(0.8)		5.6	(1.4)
	Korea	26.4	(0.3)		5.1	(0.2)		24.4	(0.7)		25.6	(0.7)		27.5	(0.9)		28.1	(0.7)		3.7	(1.0)
	Latvia	22.5	(0.3)		8.3	(0.2)		17.6	(0.5)		22.2	(0.6)		23.4	(0.7)		27.1	(0.4)		9.5	(0.6)
	Lithuania	23.7	(0.2)		5.8	(0.3)		19.9	(0.5)		22.6	(0.5)		25.8	(0.5)		26.6	(0.2)		6.7	(0.5)
	Luxembourg	22.3	(0.0)		2.6	(0.0)		21.8	(0.0)		22.5	(0.0)		22.4	(0.0)		22.7	(0.0)		0.8	(0.0)
	Mexico	41.3	(0.5)		11.1	(0.3)		34.6	(1.4)		44.7	(1.2)		44.6	(1.2)		41.2	(1.2)		6.7	(1.9)
	Netherlands	24.9	(0.2)		3.9	(0.2)		21.2	(0.6)		24.8	(0.5)		27.1	(0.4)		26.9	(0.4)		5.7	(0.7)
	New Zealand	25.1	(0.3)		5.1	(0.7)		23.3	(0.5)		25.7	(0.8)		26.4	(0.9)		24.8	(0.5)		1.5	(0.7)
	Norway	23.8	(0.2)		4.5	(0.1)		21.6	(0.6)		23.6	(0.6)		24.5	(0.7)		25.5	(0.5)		3.9	(0.9)
	Poland	24.4	(0.5)		7.4	(0.7)		22.5	(0.9)		23.6	(1.2)		25.8	(1.1)		25.5	(0.9)		3.0	(1.2)
	Portugal	25.6	(0.2)		3.6	(0.1)		23.6	(0.5)		25.5	(0.4)		26.4	(0.3)		27.0	(0.3)		3.3	(0.6)
	Slovak Republic	21.9	(0.3)		5.2	(0.2)		18.9	(0.6)		21.7	(0.6)		22.4	(0.6)		24.7	(0.6)		5.9	(0.9)
	Slovenia	25.7	(0.1)		4.2	(0.1)		23.2	(0.3)		26.0	(0.1)		25.7	(0.2)		27.7	(0.1)		4.5	(0.3)
	Spain	29.4	(0.4)		9.7	(0.4)		28.9	(0.7)		28.8	(0.8)		29.6	(1.0)		30.6	(1.1)		1.7	(1.3)
	Sweden	24.4	(0.3)		4.0	(0.2)		23.1	(0.6)		23.6	(0.6)		24.9	(0.5)		26.0	(0.5)		2.8	(0.8)
	Switzerland	19.5	(0.3)		3.9	(0.6)		18.5	(0.5)		18.7	(0.4)		19.6	(1.0)		21.2	(0.9)		2.7	(0.9)
	Turkey	42.2	(1.0)		11.8	(0.4)		41.9	(2.1)		42.5	(1.9)		42.6	(1.9)		42.0	(2.2)		0.1	(3.0)
	United Kingdom	24.9	(0.3)		4.3	(0.5)		24.8	(0.5)		25.9	(0.5)		26.3	(0.7)		23.1	(0.6)		-1.8	(0.7)
	United States	26.2	(0.4)		5.4	(0.3)		26.9	(1.0)		25.4	(1.1)		26.0	(1.0)		26.4	(0.9)		-0.6	(1.3)
	OECD average	26.1	(0.1)		5.6	(0.1)		23.8	(0.1)		26.0	(0.1)		27.2	(0.1)		27.4	(0.1)		3.6	(0.2)

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. This analysis is restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but analysis less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.4.11 [2/8]. Language-of-instruction class size, school characteristics and reading performance

In modal grade for 15-year-olds; results based on principals’ reports

		All students						By school socio-economic profile1
		Average			Variability in this index			Bottom quarter			Second quarter			Third quarter			Top quarter			Top - bottom quarter
		Mean	S.E.	x	S.D.	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	26.2	(0.3)		7.3	(0.3)		22.7	(0.8)		25.9	(0.8)		29.2	(0.7)		26.9	(0.6)		4.2	(1.0)
	Argentina	36.4	(1.0)		14.0	(0.3)		34.1	(1.7)		33.4	(1.9)		39.3	(2.3)		38.8	(1.8)		4.8	(2.6)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	26.5	(0.8)	†	8.6	(0.9)	†	27.0	(1.2)		28.0	(2.0)		24.1	(1.4)		26.8	(1.4)		-0.2	(1.9)
	Belarus	23.3	(0.4)		6.1	(0.7)		19.3	(0.4)		25.1	(1.4)		24.0	(0.6)		24.7	(0.9)		5.3	(0.9)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	23.1	(0.4)		5.3	(0.8)		21.9	(0.5)		23.4	(1.1)		23.5	(1.3)		23.7	(1.1)		1.9	(1.2)
	Brazil	35.3	(0.3)		7.9	(0.3)		34.4	(0.8)		36.0	(0.7)		35.6	(0.6)		34.9	(0.8)		0.5	(1.2)
	Brunei Darussalam	24.2	(0.0)		4.9	(0.0)		23.7	(0.0)		24.7	(0.0)		23.5	(0.0)		24.9	(0.0)		1.2	(0.0)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	41.7	(0.3)		7.0	(0.3)		43.5	(0.9)		41.7	(0.9)		41.8	(1.1)		39.7	(1.0)		-3.9	(1.4)
	Bulgaria	26.1	(0.7)		8.2	(0.8)		22.9	(0.9)		26.1	(1.3)		26.1	(1.0)		29.4	(1.8)		6.5	(1.9)
	Costa Rica	27.1	(0.4)		5.9	(0.3)		25.5	(0.8)		27.6	(0.8)		28.7	(0.7)		26.5	(0.9)		1.0	(1.2)
	Croatia	22.0	(0.2)		3.4	(0.2)		20.0	(0.4)		21.2	(0.5)		22.4	(0.4)		24.6	(0.3)		4.6	(0.5)
	Cyprus	20.2	(0.1)		4.1	(0.4)		19.9	(0.1)		19.8	(0.4)		20.1	(0.1)		21.0	(0.0)		1.1	(0.1)
	Dominican Republic	35.9	(0.7)		10.1	(0.4)		31.7	(1.7)		38.2	(1.7)		37.8	(1.5)		35.3	(1.6)		3.7	(2.2)
	Georgia	23.9	(0.5)		10.0	(0.6)		20.0	(1.0)		24.5	(1.4)		27.7	(1.4)		23.3	(0.9)		3.3	(1.3)
	Hong Kong (China)	27.6	(0.5)		5.3	(0.3)		26.3	(1.2)		27.0	(0.7)		28.7	(1.1)		28.8	(1.4)		2.5	(1.9)
	Indonesia	30.0	(1.1)		12.1	(0.7)		27.3	(1.6)		29.5	(2.1)		32.9	(2.8)		30.3	(3.3)		3.0	(3.8)
	Jordan	33.6	(0.6)		11.1	(0.4)		29.0	(1.6)		37.2	(1.2)		36.9	(1.5)		31.2	(1.8)		2.2	(2.7)
	Kazakhstan	30.0	(0.7)		13.8	(0.4)		27.4	(1.5)		30.6	(2.0)		30.4	(1.6)		31.8	(1.6)		4.4	(2.3)
	Kosovo	28.4	(0.2)		6.9	(0.2)		24.1	(0.4)		26.9	(0.6)		31.1	(0.6)		31.8	(0.5)		7.7	(0.7)
	Lebanon	27.6	(0.6)		9.1	(0.5)		28.5	(1.7)		26.2	(1.2)		28.4	(1.1)		27.4	(1.1)		-1.1	(1.9)
	Macao (China)	29.2	(0.0)		6.1	(0.0)		29.9	(0.0)		31.6	(0.0)		26.2	(0.0)		29.1	(0.0)		-0.8	(0.0)
	Malaysia	32.4	(0.7)		8.6	(0.5)		31.1	(1.3)		31.8	(1.3)		33.8	(1.9)		32.8	(2.0)		1.8	(2.2)
	Malta	19.6	(0.0)		3.3	(0.0)		18.4	(0.0)		19.5	(0.0)		19.6	(0.0)		20.9	(0.0)		2.5	(0.0)
	Moldova	27.3	(0.7)		11.4	(0.6)		22.7	(1.3)		24.8	(1.5)		28.5	(1.9)		33.4	(1.8)		10.7	(2.4)
	Montenegro	27.4	(0.0)		4.4	(0.0)		23.1	(0.2)		27.9	(0.0)		28.8	(0.1)		29.6	(0.1)		6.4	(0.2)
	Morocco	34.1	(0.5)		6.9	(0.4)		34.1	(1.2)		35.2	(1.1)		33.8	(1.0)		33.4	(1.2)		-0.7	(1.7)
	North Macedonia	25.0	(0.0)		7.7	(0.0)		23.0	(0.1)		23.7	(0.0)		25.2	(0.0)		28.4	(0.0)		5.4	(0.1)
	Panama	38.1	(0.8)		13.2	(0.3)		34.6	(2.3)		39.9	(1.6)		39.6	(1.2)		37.8	(1.7)		3.2	(2.8)
	Peru	26.0	(0.4)		7.6	(0.2)		21.6	(0.6)		26.8	(0.8)		27.2	(0.7)		28.3	(1.0)		6.7	(1.1)
	Philippines	43.9	(0.5)		8.0	(0.4)		44.7	(1.5)		44.8	(1.1)		45.4	(1.1)		40.8	(1.2)		-3.9	(1.8)
	Qatar	31.7	(0.0)		11.0	(0.0)		33.8	(0.0)		32.5	(0.1)		35.3	(0.1)		25.3	(0.0)		-8.5	(0.1)
	Romania	27.1	(0.4)		5.2	(0.8)		25.3	(0.7)		26.7	(1.0)		27.6	(0.9)		28.8	(0.5)		3.5	(0.7)
	Russia	23.7	(0.2)		5.1	(0.2)		19.4	(0.5)		24.4	(0.6)		23.9	(0.6)		26.8	(0.5)		7.4	(0.6)
	Saudi Arabia	38.2	(0.9)		13.2	(0.3)		35.4	(2.3)		37.7	(2.6)		40.6	(1.9)		38.2	(1.6)		2.8	(2.8)
	Serbia	28.7	(0.6)		7.1	(0.8)		27.7	(1.2)		30.6	(1.4)		27.9	(1.0)		28.7	(0.9)		1.0	(1.5)
	Singapore	33.4	(0.2)		5.7	(0.3)		33.4	(0.1)		36.1	(0.2)		34.9	(0.1)		29.3	(0.8)		-4.0	(0.8)
	Chinese Taipei	35.5	(0.3)		7.1	(0.2)		34.3	(1.5)		35.5	(1.3)		35.0	(1.1)		37.3	(0.8)		3.0	(1.7)
	Thailand	36.3	(0.5)		8.1	(0.3)		30.7	(1.2)		35.6	(0.9)		38.5	(1.1)		40.4	(1.1)		9.7	(1.7)
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	31.0	(0.2)		10.6	(0.2)		34.5	(0.3)		34.3	(0.6)		29.6	(0.7)		25.7	(0.4)		-8.8	(0.5)
	Uruguay	27.4	(0.4)		6.5	(0.5)		26.4	(1.0)		27.2	(1.0)		28.7	(1.1)		27.3	(1.0)		0.9	(1.5)
	Viet Nam	41.9	(0.7)		9.2	(0.5)		41.6	(2.0)		41.7	(1.3)		42.7	(1.2)		41.6	(1.1)		0.0	(2.2)

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. This analysis is restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but analysis less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.4.11 [3/8]. Language-of-instruction class size, school characteristics and reading performance

In modal grade for 15-year-olds; results based on principals’ reports

		By school location
		Rural area or village (fewer than 3 000 people)			Town (3 000 to 100 000 people)			City (over 100 000 people)			City - rural area
		Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	21.0	(0.7)		24.5	(0.2)		25.1	(0.2)		4.0	(0.7)
	Austria	21.9	(1.4)		22.6	(0.3)		23.1	(0.5)		1.2	(1.5)
	Belgium	c	c		19.7	(0.2)		20.3	(0.4)		c	c
	Canada	22.8	(0.7)		26.8	(0.3)		28.0	(0.3)		5.3	(0.8)
	Chile	27.5	(2.0)		34.4	(1.0)		35.6	(0.5)		8.1	(2.1)
	Colombia	30.0	(2.6)		38.4	(1.4)		39.3	(1.1)		9.3	(2.7)
	Czech Republic	19.6	(1.1)		24.2	(0.3)		25.3	(0.5)		5.7	(1.3)
	Denmark	19.3	(0.5)		22.0	(0.2)		21.5	(0.5)		2.2	(0.6)
	Estonia	17.0	(0.3)		22.8	(0.3)		26.6	(0.3)		9.5	(0.4)
	Finland	17.2	(0.8)		19.3	(0.2)		20.6	(0.4)		3.3	(0.9)
	France	22.6	(0.7)		29.9	(0.4)		30.2	(0.6)		7.7	(0.9)
	Germany	c	c		24.4	(0.3)		25.9	(0.5)		c	c
	Greece	20.6	(1.4)		22.8	(0.3)		23.9	(0.3)		3.4	(1.4)
	Hungary	17.8	(1.0)		27.4	(1.0)		29.2	(1.2)		11.4	(1.4)
	Iceland	15.1	(0.1)		19.2	(0.0)		20.4	(0.0)		5.3	(0.1)
	Ireland	23.5	(0.7)		24.4	(0.3)		23.9	(0.7)		0.4	(1.0)
	Israel	29.2	(1.0)		29.2	(0.5)		31.2	(0.7)		2.0	(1.3)
	Italy	20.8	(1.4)		22.8	(0.4)		23.3	(0.6)		2.5	(1.5)
	Japan	m	m		33.1	(1.0)		35.9	(0.5)		m	m
	Korea	c	c		26.8	(1.0)		26.4	(0.3)		c	c
	Latvia	15.1	(0.3)		23.1	(0.4)		26.5	(0.5)		11.4	(0.6)
	Lithuania	18.5	(0.5)		24.3	(0.3)		25.9	(0.3)		7.4	(0.6)
	Luxembourg	m	m		22.2	(0.0)		22.5	(0.0)		m	m
	Mexico	33.0	(1.7)		43.0	(1.1)		43.0	(0.8)		10.1	(1.8)
	Netherlands	c	c		25.0	(0.3)		25.4	(0.5)		c	c
	New Zealand	19.8	(0.7)		24.0	(0.3)		26.2	(0.5)		6.4	(0.9)
	Norway	19.6	(0.6)		24.3	(0.3)		25.7	(0.5)		6.1	(0.8)
	Poland	22.8	(1.0)		24.6	(0.6)		26.0	(1.3)		3.1	(1.6)
	Portugal	20.7	(1.3)		25.3	(0.2)		26.8	(0.3)		6.2	(1.3)
	Slovak Republic	17.6	(0.7)		22.5	(0.4)		23.7	(0.8)		6.1	(1.0)
	Slovenia	23.2	(0.4)		25.1	(0.1)		27.9	(0.1)		4.7	(0.4)
	Spain	23.7	(1.2)		29.1	(0.5)		30.5	(0.8)		6.8	(1.6)
	Sweden	22.3	(0.7)		24.4	(0.3)		25.1	(0.4)		2.8	(0.8)
	Switzerland	16.4	(0.8)		19.6	(0.3)		20.6	(0.5)		4.2	(1.0)
	Turkey	c	c		42.5	(1.5)		42.3	(1.1)		c	c
	United Kingdom	24.4	(1.3)		25.4	(0.4)		24.2	(0.5)		-0.2	(1.4)
	United States	21.5	(1.7)		25.6	(0.6)		27.8	(0.6)		6.3	(1.8)
	OECD average	21.5	(0.2)		26.1	(0.1)		27.2	(0.1)		5.4	(0.2)

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. This analysis is restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but analysis less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.4.11 [4/8]. Language-of-instruction class size, school characteristics and reading performance

In modal grade for 15-year-olds; results based on principals’ reports

		By school location
		Rural area or village (fewer than 3 000 people)			Town (3 000 to 100 000 people)			City (over 100 000 people)			City - rural area
		Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	20.6	(0.8)		27.9	(0.5)		28.3	(0.4)		7.7	(0.9)
	Argentina	27.7	(2.8)		36.0	(1.2)		38.1	(1.5)		10.4	(3.1)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		27.9	(1.0)		24.5	(1.0)		m	m
	Belarus	16.9	(0.7)		24.1	(0.9)		24.9	(0.5)		8.0	(0.9)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	21.1	(0.9)		22.6	(0.4)		25.4	(0.9)		4.3	(1.4)
	Brazil	33.9	(2.0)	†	34.7	(0.5)		35.9	(0.5)		1.9	(2.0)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	21.8	(0.0)		24.6	(0.0)		24.3	(0.0)		2.5	(0.0)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	42.9	(2.2)		43.1	(0.6)		40.3	(0.5)		-2.6	(2.2)
	Bulgaria	24.3	(2.4)		25.7	(0.9)		27.0	(1.0)		2.7	(2.6)
	Costa Rica	24.4	(1.0)		28.3	(0.4)		26.2	(1.0)		1.8	(1.3)
	Croatia	c	c		21.0	(0.3)		23.5	(0.3)		c	c
	Cyprus	16.7	(0.2)		20.4	(0.2)		20.6	(0.1)		3.8	(0.2)
	Dominican Republic	31.7	(1.8)		37.4	(1.1)		35.1	(1.3)		3.4	(2.2)
	Georgia	18.0	(0.6)		27.2	(1.4)		26.1	(0.7)		8.2	(0.9)
	Hong Kong (China)	c	c		27.8	(1.0)		27.6	(0.5)		c	c
	Indonesia	27.2	(1.7)		30.7	(1.8)		32.1	(2.1)		4.9	(2.6)
	Jordan	22.7	(2.5)		34.3	(1.0)		35.3	(1.0)		12.6	(2.7)
	Kazakhstan	29.3	(1.4)		30.1	(1.8)		30.5	(1.0)		1.2	(1.7)
	Kosovo	21.4	(0.7)		29.2	(0.3)		30.4	(0.4)		8.9	(0.8)
	Lebanon	27.3	(2.5)	†	27.6	(0.7)		27.9	(1.1)		0.6	(2.7)	†
	Macao (China)	c	c		m	m		29.2	(0.0)		c	c
	Malaysia	33.1	(1.5)		31.3	(1.0)		33.2	(0.9)		0.1	(1.7)
	Malta	21.1	(0.0)		19.4	(0.0)		m	m		m	m
	Moldova	24.0	(1.0)		29.6	(1.3)		31.5	(1.7)		7.5	(2.1)
	Montenegro	c	c		26.0	(0.0)		30.3	(0.0)		c	c
	Morocco	33.3	(1.2)		34.0	(0.8)		34.8	(0.9)		1.5	(1.6)
	North Macedonia	c	c		23.8	(0.0)		26.6	(0.0)		c	c
	Panama	34.3	(2.8)		39.2	(0.9)		38.1	(1.2)		3.7	(3.0)
	Peru	21.2	(0.7)		27.4	(0.5)		29.5	(1.1)		8.2	(1.2)
	Philippines	37.1	(3.1)		44.1	(0.8)		44.8	(0.6)		7.7	(3.0)
	Qatar	30.2	(0.1)		34.7	(0.0)		29.9	(0.0)		-0.3	(0.1)
	Romania	21.3	(1.8)		27.3	(0.4)		27.8	(0.6)		6.5	(1.7)
	Russia	15.3	(0.5)		24.1	(0.4)		25.8	(0.3)		10.5	(0.6)
	Saudi Arabia	25.3	(2.9)		37.9	(1.9)		39.6	(1.1)		14.3	(3.1)
	Serbia	m	m		28.1	(0.8)		29.4	(0.8)		m	m
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		33.3	(0.2)		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	27.2	(3.9)		33.9	(0.6)		36.6	(0.5)		9.4	(3.9)
	Thailand	27.5	(1.5)		36.6	(0.7)		39.4	(0.9)		11.8	(1.7)
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	32.4	(0.3)		33.0	(0.2)		29.9	(0.3)		-2.6	(0.5)
	Uruguay	20.4	(1.3)		27.2	(0.7)		28.6	(0.5)		8.2	(1.4)
	Viet Nam	39.9	(1.2)		43.6	(1.1)		42.1	(1.3)		2.2	(1.8)

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. This analysis is restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but analysis less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.4.11 [5/8]. Language-of-instruction class size, school characteristics and reading performance

In modal grade for 15-year-olds; results based on principals’ reports

		By type of school									By programme orientation
		Public			Private			Private - public			General			Modular			Pre-vocational or vocational			Pre-vocational or vocational - general
		Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Dif.	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	25.0	(0.2)		24.4	(0.2)		-0.6	(0.3)		24.8	(0.1)		m	m		24.2	(0.4)		-0.6	(0.4)
	Austria	22.7	(0.3)		22.7	(0.8)		0.0	(0.9)		22.8	(0.4)		m	m		22.7	(0.3)		-0.1	(0.5)
	Belgium	m	m		m	m		m	m		21.4	(0.2)		m	m		17.6	(0.2)		-3.9	(0.3)
	Canada	27.3	(0.2)		27.0	(0.6)		-0.2	(0.6)		27.3	(0.2)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	33.3	(0.8)		35.6	(0.6)		2.3	(1.0)		34.8	(0.5)		m	m		35.3	(1.2)		0.5	(1.1)
	Colombia	38.6	(0.8)		34.7	(1.8)		-3.9	(2.0)		37.9	(0.8)		m	m		37.7	(1.6)		-0.2	(1.6)
	Czech Republic	24.1	(0.3)		24.2	(1.4)		0.1	(1.4)		23.6	(0.3)		m	m		25.0	(0.5)		1.5	(0.6)
	Denmark	21.6	(0.3)		21.0	(0.4)		-0.6	(0.5)		21.4	(0.2)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Estonia	22.6	(0.2)		22.3	(1.1)		-0.3	(1.1)		22.6	(0.2)		m	m		c	c		c	c
	Finland	19.5	(0.2)		22.8	(1.8)		3.4	(1.8)		19.6	(0.2)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	France	30.2	(0.3)		28.5	(0.8)		-1.6	(0.8)		31.0	(0.2)		m	m		24.9	(0.7)		-6.1	(0.7)
	Germany	24.8	(0.3)		25.2	(1.7)		0.4	(1.7)		25.2	(0.3)		m	m		19.4	(0.9)		-5.8	(1.0)
	Greece	23.0	(0.2)		23.0	(1.1)		-0.1	(1.2)		23.3	(0.2)		m	m		21.1	(0.6)		-2.2	(0.6)
	Hungary	27.9	(0.9)		27.5	(1.0)		-0.4	(1.4)		29.0	(0.8)		m	m		21.7	(1.1)		-7.3	(1.4)
	Iceland	18.9	(0.0)		c	c		c	c		18.9	(0.0)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Ireland	23.7	(0.4)		24.5	(0.4)		0.9	(0.5)		24.1	(0.3)		m	m		21.5	(1.1)		-2.6	(1.1)
	Israel	29.9	(0.3)		m	m		m	m		29.9	(0.3)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	22.8	(0.3)		26.0	(4.4)		3.2	(4.4)		23.5	(0.5)		m	m		22.3	(0.4)		-1.2	(0.6)
	Japan	34.9	(0.6)		35.5	(0.8)		0.5	(1.0)		35.9	(0.5)		m	m		32.7	(1.1)		-3.1	(1.2)
	Korea	26.8	(0.4)		25.8	(0.6)		-0.9	(0.8)		27.0	(0.4)		m	m		23.2	(0.9)		-3.8	(1.0)
	Latvia	22.7	(0.3)		13.7	(0.7)		-9.0	(0.7)		22.6	(0.3)		m	m		17.8	(2.3)		-4.8	(2.3)
	Lithuania	23.7	(0.2)		24.5	(0.5)		0.8	(0.5)		23.7	(0.2)		m	m		23.1	(2.6)		-0.7	(2.6)
	Luxembourg	22.4	(0.0)		22.1	(0.0)	†	-0.3	(0.0)	†	22.5	(0.0)		22.0	(0.1)		21.6	(0.0)		-0.9	(0.0)
	Mexico	42.0	(0.5)		36.2	(2.1)		-5.9	(2.1)		39.9	(0.6)		m	m		44.7	(0.8)		4.8	(1.0)
	Netherlands	25.2	(0.4)		25.0	(0.3)		-0.3	(0.6)		26.3	(0.2)		m	m		21.1	(0.5)		-5.2	(0.5)
	New Zealand	25.3	(0.3)		20.7	(0.7)		-4.6	(0.8)		25.1	(0.3)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Norway	w	w		w	w		w	w		23.8	(0.2)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	24.5	(0.5)		20.9	(2.8)		-3.6	(2.8)		24.3	(0.5)		m	m		c	c		c	c
	Portugal	25.9	(0.1)		23.9	(0.6)		-1.9	(0.6)		25.9	(0.2)		m	m		24.1	(0.5)		-1.8	(0.5)
	Slovak Republic	21.8	(0.3)		23.1	(0.7)		1.3	(0.8)		21.3	(0.3)		23.7	(0.6)		21.1	(0.7)		-0.2	(0.7)
	Slovenia	25.6	(0.1)		30.9	(0.1)		5.3	(0.1)		25.9	(0.1)		m	m		25.5	(0.0)		-0.4	(0.1)
	Spain	28.7	(0.5)		31.1	(0.9)		2.4	(1.0)		29.5	(0.4)		m	m		27.6	(1.3)		-1.9	(1.2)
	Sweden	24.6	(0.3)		23.7	(0.6)		-0.9	(0.7)		24.4	(0.3)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Switzerland	19.7	(0.3)		15.5	(0.9)		-4.2	(0.9)		19.4	(0.2)		m	m		20.1	(1.5)		0.7	(1.5)
	Turkey	42.7	(1.0)		38.9	(3.5)		-3.8	(3.6)		42.1	(1.2)		m	m		42.5	(1.5)		0.5	(1.8)
	United Kingdom	25.4	(0.3)		24.7	(0.4)		-0.7	(0.5)		24.9	(0.3)		m	m		27.2	(0.6)		2.3	(0.7)
	United States	26.6	(0.4)		21.3	(0.9)		-5.3	(1.0)		26.2	(0.4)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	OECD average	26.4	(0.1)		25.7	(0.2)		-0.9	(0.3)		26.3	(0.1)		22.9	(0.3)		25.6	(0.2)		-1.6	(0.2)

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. This analysis is restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but analysis less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.4.11 [6/8]. Language-of-instruction class size, school characteristics and reading performance

In modal grade for 15-year-olds; results based on principals’ reports

		By type of school									By programme orientation
		Public			Private			Private - public			General			Modular			Pre-vocational or vocational			Pre-vocational or vocational - general
		Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Dif.	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Dif.	S.E.	x
		Partners
Albania	27.0		(0.3)		19.7	(1.0)		-7.2	(1.0)		25.0	(0.4)		m	m		27.1	(0.4)		2.1	(0.6)
Argentina	35.4		(1.3)		38.6	(1.5)		3.2	(2.0)		36.7	(1.1)		m	m		34.8	(2.3)		-1.9	(2.6)
Baku (Azerbaijan)	26.6		(0.8)	†	c	c		c	c		m	m		26.5	(0.8)	†	m	m		m	m
Belarus	23.3		(0.4)		c	c		c	c		23.0	(0.5)		m	m		25.0	(0.4)		2.0	(0.6)
Bosnia and Herzegovina	23.1		(0.4)		c	c		c	c		23.1	(0.5)		m	m		23.1	(0.4)		0.0	(0.7)
Brazil	35.5		(0.4)		34.0	(1.2)		-1.5	(1.3)		35.1	(0.4)		m	m		36.9	(0.8)		1.8	(0.9)
Brunei Darussalam	23.7		(0.0)		26.7	(0.0)		3.0	(0.0)		24.2	(0.0)		m	m		23.8	(0.1)		-0.4	(0.1)
B-S-J-Z (China)	41.5		(0.3)		42.9	(1.2)		1.4	(1.3)		42.2	(0.4)		m	m		39.3	(0.7)		-2.8	(0.8)
Bulgaria	26.2		(0.7)		c	c		c	c		27.7	(1.1)		m	m		24.4	(0.7)		-3.3	(1.3)
Costa Rica	27.8		(0.4)		22.8	(1.2)		-5.0	(1.2)		26.7	(0.4)		m	m		30.0	(0.5)		3.3	(0.6)
Croatia	22.1		(0.2)		22.4	(2.3)		0.3	(2.3)		23.6	(0.3)		m	m		21.3	(0.2)		-2.3	(0.3)
Cyprus	20.1		(0.1)		20.7	(0.0)		0.6	(0.1)		20.4	(0.1)		m	m		19.0	(0.0)		-1.4	(0.1)
Dominican Republic	36.7		(0.8)		32.2	(1.8)		-4.5	(1.8)		36.0	(0.8)		m	m		35.0	(2.3)		-1.0	(2.4)
Georgia	24.5		(0.5)		19.0	(1.9)		-5.5	(2.0)		23.9	(0.5)		m	m		m	m		m	m
Hong Kong (China)	30.8		(0.6)		27.4	(0.5)		-3.4	(0.9)		27.6	(0.5)		m	m		m	m		m	m
Indonesia	32.1		(1.1)		27.7	(2.0)		-4.4	(2.3)		30.3	(1.2)		m	m		29.0	(2.8)		-1.4	(3.0)
Jordan	34.0		(0.7)		32.2	(1.5)		-1.8	(1.7)		33.6	(0.6)		m	m		m	m		m	m
Kazakhstan	30.2		(0.7)		28.1	(2.8)		-2.1	(2.9)		30.6	(0.8)		m	m		27.6	(1.3)		-3.1	(1.4)
Kosovo	28.6		(0.2)		c	c		c	c		29.0	(0.3)		m	m		27.4	(0.2)		-1.6	(0.4)
Lebanon	27.4		(0.8)	†	27.8	(0.8)		0.4	(1.0)	†	27.6	(0.6)		m	m		m	m		m	m
Macao (China)	24.3		(0.0)		29.5	(0.0)		5.1	(0.0)		29.2	(0.0)		m	m		23.7	(0.4)		-5.6	(0.4)
Malaysia	32.1		(0.6)		37.5	(4.7)		5.5	(4.6)		32.7	(0.7)		m	m		29.6	(1.2)		-3.1	(1.1)
Malta	19.2		(0.0)		20.2	(0.0)		1.0	(0.0)		19.6	(0.0)		m	m		m	m		m	m
Moldova	27.4		(0.7)		c	c		c	c		27.1	(0.6)		m	m		34.7	(8.2)	†	7.6	(8.3)	†
Montenegro	27.4		(0.0)		c	c		c	c		27.3	(0.1)		m	m		27.4	(0.0)		0.1	(0.1)
Morocco	34.7		(0.5)		27.5	(2.9)		-7.2	(2.9)		34.1	(0.5)		m	m		m	m		m	m
North Macedonia	25.1		(0.0)		24.2	(0.3)		-0.8	(0.3)		25.9	(0.0)		m	m		24.5	(0.0)		-1.4	(0.1)
Panama	38.9		(0.8)		34.3	(2.3)	†	-4.6	(2.4)	†	37.3	(0.9)		m	m		40.0	(0.9)		2.7	(1.0)
Peru	26.2		(0.4)		25.2	(0.9)		-1.0	(0.9)		26.0	(0.4)		m	m		m	m		m	m
Philippines	45.1		(0.6)		38.5	(1.4)		-6.6	(1.6)		43.9	(0.5)		m	m		m	m		m	m
Qatar	34.9		(0.0)		27.5	(0.0)		-7.4	(0.0)		31.7	(0.0)		m	m		m	m		m	m
Romania	27.1		(0.4)		c	c		c	c		27.2	(0.4)		m	m		26.2	(0.6)		-1.0	(0.6)
Russia	23.7		(0.2)		m	m		m	m		23.7	(0.3)		m	m		23.6	(0.4)		-0.1	(0.5)
Saudi Arabia	38.3		(1.0)		37.4	(2.2)		-0.9	(2.4)		38.2	(0.9)		m	m		m	m		m	m
Serbia	28.9		(0.6)		23.4	(2.7)		-5.5	(2.8)		29.0	(0.9)		m	m		28.6	(0.6)		-0.4	(1.1)
Singapore	34.2		(0.1)		25.9	(1.4)		-8.3	(1.4)		33.4	(0.2)		m	m		m	m		m	m
Chinese Taipei	32.6		(0.3)		41.8	(0.7)		9.2	(0.8)		33.7	(0.4)		m	m		38.9	(0.6)		5.2	(0.6)
Thailand	36.0		(0.5)		38.0	(1.0)		2.1	(1.2)		36.3	(0.6)		m	m		36.5	(1.0)		0.2	(1.3)
Ukraine	m		m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
United Arab Emirates	34.6		(0.2)		28.8	(0.4)		-5.7	(0.4)		31.0	(0.2)		m	m		27.9	(0.0)	†	-3.1	(0.2)	†
Uruguay	28.0		(0.5)		24.4	(0.6)		-3.6	(0.8)		27.5	(0.4)		m	m		26.3	(1.7)		-1.3	(1.7)
Viet Nam	41.7		(0.7)		45.8	(3.0)		4.1	(3.0)		41.9	(0.7)		m	m		m	m		m	m

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. This analysis is restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but analysis less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.4.11 [7/8]. Language-of-instruction class size, school characteristics and reading performance

In modal grade for 15-year-olds; results based on principals’ reports

		By education level									Before accounting for students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile2						After accounting for students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile2
		Lower secondary (ISCED 2)			Upper secondary (ISCED 3)			ISCED 3 - ISCED 2			Change in reading performance per one-unit increase in the size of language-of-instruction class			Explained variance in student performance (r-squared x 100)			Change in reading performance per one-unit increase in the size of language-of-instruction class			Explained variance in student performance (r-squared x 100)
		Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Dif.	S.E.	x	Score dif.	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	Score dif.	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	24.7	(0.1)		25.3	(0.2)		0.6	(0.2)		2	(0.7)		0.3	(0.2)		1	(0.5)		13.9	(0.8)
	Austria	20.1	(0.5)		23.0	(0.3)		2.8	(0.5)		6	(0.9)		8.3	(2.5)		2	(0.7)		30.0	(1.8)
	Belgium	17.5	(0.4)		20.0	(0.2)		2.5	(0.5)		9	(0.8)		10.0	(1.7)		3	(0.7)		31.8	(1.5)
	Canada	29.1	(0.4)		27.1	(0.2)		-2.0	(0.4)		2	(0.5)		1.0	(0.4)		2	(0.3)		9.1	(0.8)
	Chile	29.1	(1.3)		35.1	(0.5)		6.0	(1.3)		1	(0.5)		0.8	(0.7)		1	(0.4)		20.6	(1.7)
	Colombia	37.1	(0.9)		38.3	(0.8)		1.2	(0.6)		0	(0.4)		0.2	(0.5)		0	(0.3)		25.6	(2.5)
	Czech Republic	22.6	(0.4)		25.8	(0.3)		3.2	(0.5)		7	(0.8)		11.6	(2.5)		3	(0.6)		35.1	(2.5)
	Denmark	21.4	(0.2)		c	c		c	c		2	(0.7)		0.6	(0.4)		1	(0.6)		11.8	(1.2)
	Estonia	22.6	(0.2)		25.0	(1.4)		2.5	(1.4)		1	(0.3)		0.4	(0.3)		-1	(0.2)		9.5	(1.3)
	Finland	19.6	(0.2)		c	c		c	c		4	(0.7)		1.5	(0.6)		2	(0.6)		10.1	(1.1)
	France	25.3	(0.4)		30.7	(0.3)		5.3	(0.5)		7	(0.6)		14.6	(2.1)		4	(0.5)		28.3	(2.1)
	Germany	25.1	(0.3)		21.6	(0.9)		-3.5	(0.9)		7	(2.1)	†	9.4	(3.8)	†	2	(0.9)	†	38.1	(1.9)	†
	Greece	22.8	(1.2)		23.0	(0.2)		0.3	(1.3)		3	(0.9)		1.8	(0.9)		1	(0.6)		18.1	(2.1)
	Hungary	23.1	(2.0)		28.3	(0.8)		5.2	(2.0)		2	(0.5)		4.2	(2.0)		0	(0.3)		38.7	(2.4)
	Iceland	18.9	(0.0)		m	m		m	m		1	(0.5)		0.3	(0.2)		-1	(0.5)		7.7	(1.0)
	Ireland	24.2	(0.3)		23.9	(0.3)		-0.3	(0.2)		2	(0.8)		1.1	(0.7)		0	(0.5)		14.3	(1.3)
	Israel	30.4	(0.4)		29.8	(0.4)		-0.5	(0.5)		6	(0.8)		8.9	(2.3)		3	(0.7)		31.2	(2.6)
	Italy	22.0	(0.9)		22.9	(0.3)		0.9	(1.0)		3	(1.2)		2.0	(1.3)		1	(0.7)		27.9	(2.0)
	Japan	m	m		35.1	(0.5)		m	m		4	(0.7)		6.7	(2.3)		1	(0.6)		23.7	(2.1)
	Korea	29.5	(0.5)		25.8	(0.3)		-3.7	(0.6)		3	(1.0)		1.7	(1.2)		0	(0.7)		17.2	(2.8)
	Latvia	22.5	(0.3)		24.5	(1.0)		2.0	(0.9)		2	(0.2)		4.2	(0.8)		1	(0.2)		12.6	(1.4)
	Lithuania	23.7	(0.2)		m	m		m	m		5	(0.6)		9.8	(1.5)		2	(0.4)		26.0	(1.6)
	Luxembourg	22.3	(0.0)		22.4	(0.0)		0.1	(0.0)		3	(0.5)		0.5	(0.2)		2	(0.5)		30.9	(1.0)
	Mexico	31.8	(1.1)		43.9	(0.5)		12.0	(1.2)		0	(0.3)		0.2	(0.3)		0	(0.2)		18.6	(2.7)
	Netherlands	23.9	(0.3)		27.0	(0.3)		3.1	(0.4)		12	(1.1)		18.8	(3.1)		4	(1.2)		37.6	(2.5)
	New Zealand	24.7	(0.3)		25.1	(0.3)		0.4	(0.4)		1	(0.6)		0.4	(0.4)		0	(0.5)		16.1	(1.3)
	Norway	23.8	(0.2)		m	m		m	m		2	(0.5)		0.7	(0.3)		1	(0.5)		8.2	(1.0)
	Poland	24.4	(0.5)		c	c		c	c		1	(0.4)		0.9	(0.6)		0	(0.2)		15.7	(2.0)
	Portugal	24.3	(0.3)		26.2	(0.2)		1.9	(0.3)		5	(0.9)		3.7	(1.2)		3	(0.6)		16.0	(1.6)
	Slovak Republic	19.5	(0.3)		24.1	(0.4)		4.6	(0.5)		6	(0.7)		11.3	(2.6)		2	(0.5)		32.3	(2.2)
	Slovenia	20.6	(0.6)		26.1	(0.0)		5.4	(0.6)		6	(0.3)		7.3	(0.5)		1	(0.3)		34.9	(1.2)
	Spain	29.4	(0.4)		c	c		c	c		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Sweden	24.3	(0.3)		28.5	(1.7)		4.2	(1.7)		2	(0.8)		0.4	(0.4)		-1	(0.6)		13.4	(1.9)
	Switzerland	19.0	(0.2)		20.8	(0.7)		1.9	(0.7)		7	(1.2)		5.4	(1.8)		5	(1.3)		24.2	(2.5)
	Turkey	c	c		42.3	(1.0)		c	c		0	(0.5)		0.1	(0.5)		0	(0.3)		25.3	(2.9)
	United Kingdom	c	c		24.9	(0.3)		c	c		-2	(1.0)	†	0.8	(0.7)	†	0	(0.5)	†	15.7	(1.7)	†
	United States	25.8	(0.5)		26.2	(0.4)		0.4	(0.4)		1	(0.6)		0.2	(0.2)		1	(0.4)		15.0	(1.8)
	OECD average	24.3	(0.1)		27.4	(0.1)		2.1	(0.2)		3	(0.1)		4.2	(0.3)		1	(0.1)		21.8	(0.3)

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. This analysis is restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but analysis less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.4.11 [8/8]. Language-of-instruction class size, school characteristics and reading performance

In modal grade for 15-year-olds; results based on principals’ reports

		By education level									Before accounting for students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile2						After accounting for students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile2
		Lower secondary (ISCED 2)			Upper secondary (ISCED 3)			ISCED 3 - ISCED 2			Change in reading performance per one-unit increase in the size of language-of-instruction class			Explained variance in student performance (r-squared x 100)			Change in reading performance per one-unit increase in the size of language-of-instruction class			Explained variance in student performance (r-squared x 100)
		Mean	S.E.	x	Mean	S.E.	x	Dif.	S.E.	x	Score dif.	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	Score dif.	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	24.2	(0.4)		27.4	(0.4)		3.2	(0.5)		1	(0.3)		0.5	(0.4)		0	(0.3)		13.2	(1.8)
	Argentina	33.6	(1.3)		37.8	(1.0)		4.3	(1.0)		1	(0.3)		2.1	(1.2)		0	(0.2)		30.0	(2.2)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	26.9	(0.9)	†	26.3	(0.7)	†	-0.7	(0.5)	†	0	(0.3)	†	0.0	(0.1)	†	0	(0.2)	†	5.1	(1.3)	†
	Belarus	23.3	(0.5)		23.3	(0.4)		0.0	(0.2)		2	(0.6)		1.2	(0.7)		-1	(0.2)		28.2	(1.9)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	22.7	(0.5)		23.2	(0.4)		0.5	(0.7)		2	(0.6)		1.5	(0.7)		1	(0.3)		18.3	(2.7)
	Brazil	31.1	(0.9)	†	36.2	(0.4)		5.2	(1.0)	†	-1	(0.5)		0.2	(0.4)		0	(0.3)		21.8	(1.7)
	Brunei Darussalam	23.4	(0.6)		24.2	(0.0)		0.8	(0.6)		0	(0.2)		0.0	(0.0)		1	(0.2)		32.3	(0.8)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	40.7	(0.6)		42.3	(0.4)		1.6	(0.7)		1	(0.5)		0.5	(0.7)		2	(0.3)		25.8	(2.3)
	Bulgaria	c	c		26.1	(0.7)		c	c		2	(0.7)		3.6	(2.3)		1	(0.5)		31.8	(4.0)
	Costa Rica	27.2	(0.4)		26.9	(0.4)		-0.3	(0.3)		0	(0.6)		0.1	(0.3)		0	(0.3)		25.9	(2.5)
	Croatia	c	c		22.0	(0.2)		c	c		9	(0.9)		11.4	(2.0)		3	(1.0)		25.2	(2.0)
	Cyprus	23.8	(2.3)		20.1	(0.0)		-3.7	(2.3)		2	(0.4)		0.8	(0.2)		0	(0.4)		14.0	(0.9)
	Dominican Republic	35.4	(0.8)		36.2	(0.9)		0.9	(0.8)		0	(0.4)		0.1	(0.4)		0	(0.3)		21.5	(2.9)
	Georgia	24.0	(0.6)		23.9	(0.5)		-0.1	(0.4)		0	(0.3)		0.2	(0.3)		0	(0.2)		14.6	(1.8)
	Hong Kong (China)	27.6	(0.6)		27.7	(0.5)	†	0.1	(0.5)	†	2	(1.4)	†	1.4	(2.0)	†	1	(0.9)	†	17.7	(2.4)	†
	Indonesia	29.6	(1.5)		30.3	(1.6)		0.7	(2.2)		1	(0.3)		1.5	(1.3)		0	(0.3)		17.6	(3.5)
	Jordan	33.6	(0.6)		m	m		m	m		0	(0.3)		0.0	(0.1)		0	(0.3)		9.7	(1.9)
	Kazakhstan	29.5	(0.7)		32.1	(1.0)		2.6	(0.7)		-1	(0.2)		0.9	(0.6)		-1	(0.1)		12.8	(1.9)
	Kosovo	23.8	(0.6)		29.9	(0.2)		6.0	(0.7)		3	(0.3)		7.7	(1.3)		1	(0.3)		22.7	(1.6)
	Lebanon	24.6	(1.2)	‡	28.2	(0.6)		3.5	(1.2)	‡	1	(0.5)		0.7	(0.8)		1	(0.5)		17.0	(3.0)
	Macao (China)	28.5	(0.0)		29.7	(0.0)		1.2	(0.0)		2	(0.2)		2.0	(0.4)		3	(0.2)		5.4	(0.6)
	Malaysia	33.2	(1.1)		32.3	(0.7)		-0.9	(0.9)		0	(0.4)		0.1	(0.3)		0	(0.3)		21.9	(2.5)
	Malta	c	c		19.6	(0.0)		c	c		6	(0.5)		2.6	(0.5)		4	(0.5)		13.5	(0.8)
	Moldova	26.9	(0.6)		31.7	(2.5)		4.8	(2.5)		1	(0.3)		2.0	(0.9)		0	(0.2)		23.9	(2.3)
	Montenegro	24.9	(1.0)		27.4	(0.0)		2.6	(1.0)		5	(0.2)		5.9	(0.5)		0	(0.2)		22.8	(0.9)
	Morocco	34.0	(0.7)		34.3	(0.7)		0.3	(1.0)		0	(0.5)		0.2	(0.4)		1	(0.4)		19.0	(2.3)
	North Macedonia	c	c		25.0	(0.0)		c	c		3	(0.2)		4.6	(0.6)		1	(0.2)		26.8	(1.1)
	Panama	35.8	(1.5)	†	39.0	(0.7)		3.3	(1.4)	†	1	(0.4)		2.0	(1.6)		1	(0.2)		31.3	(3.9)
	Peru	23.7	(0.5)		26.6	(0.4)		2.9	(0.4)		3	(0.4)		4.3	(1.3)		1	(0.3)		31.6	(2.1)
	Philippines	44.1	(0.5)		25.2	(6.1)		-18.8	(6.3)		-1	(0.7)		1.1	(1.4)		0	(0.2)		29.1	(3.2)
	Qatar	31.7	(0.1)		31.7	(0.0)		0.0	(0.1)		-1	(0.1)		2.2	(0.2)		0	(0.1)		16.7	(0.6)
	Romania	23.8	(1.8)		27.3	(0.4)		3.6	(1.8)		4	(1.2)		4.0	(2.0)		2	(0.9)		31.7	(2.8)
	Russia	23.8	(0.2)		22.9	(0.4)		-0.8	(0.4)		3	(0.6)		2.7	(1.0)		-1	(0.7)		14.8	(2.2)
	Saudi Arabia	30.4	(3.5)	‡	39.0	(0.9)		8.6	(3.8)	‡	1	(0.3)		1.3	(1.0)		1	(0.3)		11.6	(2.3)
	Serbia	c	c		28.7	(0.6)		c	c		1	(0.7)		0.4	(0.7)		1	(0.3)		24.5	(3.6)
	Singapore	32.0	(0.5)		33.5	(0.2)		1.4	(0.6)		-1	(0.4)		0.1	(0.1)		2	(0.3)		22.0	(1.1)
	Chinese Taipei	30.4	(0.4)		38.3	(0.4)		8.0	(0.4)		1	(0.5)		0.7	(0.6)		0	(0.3)		23.0	(2.1)
	Thailand	32.0	(0.7)		37.4	(0.5)		5.5	(0.7)		3	(0.5)		5.7	(2.2)		0	(0.4)		27.2	(3.0)
Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
United Arab Emirates	28.7	(0.4)		31.2	(0.3)		2.5	(0.5)		-1	(0.2)		1.3	(0.3)		0	(0.1)		21.8	(1.4)
Uruguay	26.5	(0.7)		27.9	(0.5)		1.5	(0.8)		2	(0.6)		1.3	(0.9)		1	(0.3)		26.6	(2.1)
Viet Nam	27.7	(4.5)		42.6	(0.6)		14.9	(4.5)		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. This analysis is restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but analysis less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.5.1 [1/6]. Shortage of material resources, 2015 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered to some extent or a lot by:
		2015
		A lack of educational material (e.g. textbooks, ICT equipment, library or laboratory material)			Inadequate or poor quality educational material (e.g. textbooks, ICT equipment, library or laboratory material)			A lack of physical infrastructure (e.g. building, grounds, heating/cooling systems, lighting and acoustic systems)			Inadequate or poor quality physical infrastructure (e.g. building, grounds, heating/cooling systems, lighting and acoustic systems)
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	10.9	(1.3)		10.2	(1.2)		24.1	(1.8)		25.3	(1.8)
	Austria	25.7	(3.0)		20.5	(3.2)		25.7	(2.9)		25.8	(2.7)
	Belgium	32.0	(3.0)		20.5	(2.3)		44.5	(3.2)		42.3	(3.1)
	Canada	16.6	(2.1)		13.2	(2.0)		16.8	(1.9)		17.6	(2.1)
	Chile	16.4	(3.2)		13.9	(2.9)		23.3	(3.2)		22.5	(3.5)
	Colombia	60.3	(3.4)		45.4	(3.0)		57.6	(3.7)		51.4	(3.5)
	Czech Republic	28.6	(2.7)		22.6	(2.3)		29.9	(2.8)		28.3	(2.6)
	Denmark	19.1	(2.7)		16.8	(2.3)		27.5	(3.3)		27.0	(3.1)
	Estonia	48.4	(2.8)		39.5	(2.7)		34.0	(2.3)		36.8	(2.4)
	Finland	41.2	(3.8)		39.8	(3.5)		38.2	(4.0)		41.3	(3.7)
	France	27.3	(2.9)		19.3	(2.6)		32.5	(3.2)		28.9	(3.4)
	Germany	36.0	(3.6)		34.7	(3.6)		39.2	(3.6)		39.8	(3.7)
	Greece	53.9	(3.9)		49.0	(3.6)		44.9	(3.9)		38.6	(3.7)
	Hungary	71.0	(2.9)		61.0	(3.2)		52.4	(3.2)		43.8	(2.9)
	Iceland	37.5	(0.3)		31.5	(0.3)		17.2	(0.2)		18.3	(0.2)
	Ireland	35.7	(4.0)		31.3	(3.7)		53.1	(4.1)		45.3	(3.7)
	Israel	37.4	(4.0)		32.5	(3.8)		58.2	(3.9)		56.6	(3.9)
	Italy	42.1	(3.2)	†	37.7	(3.5)	†	58.1	(3.3)	†	59.9	(3.3)	†
	Japan	65.3	(3.6)		56.8	(3.6)		69.1	(3.4)		57.5	(3.4)
	Korea	50.3	(4.1)		43.5	(4.1)		58.1	(4.2)		52.7	(4.2)
	Latvia	36.1	(2.9)		25.3	(2.9)		21.3	(2.2)		23.8	(2.3)
	Lithuania	54.9	(2.6)		52.8	(2.8)		48.2	(2.7)		45.0	(2.8)
	Luxembourg	3.3	(0.0)		6.5	(0.0)		33.6	(0.1)		19.5	(0.1)
	Mexico	59.2	(2.9)		45.6	(3.4)		57.1	(3.3)		44.1	(3.4)
	Netherlands	30.0	(4.5)	†	22.3	(3.8)	†	26.6	(4.5)	†	26.2	(4.2)	†
	New Zealand	12.8	(2.7)		11.1	(2.5)		39.4	(3.8)		36.4	(3.8)
	Norway	35.6	(3.3)		36.8	(3.5)		30.1	(3.4)		36.6	(3.4)
	Poland	33.1	(3.9)		35.0	(4.1)		21.4	(2.8)		24.0	(3.1)
	Portugal	24.7	(3.4)		19.2	(3.1)		38.0	(3.1)		44.4	(3.2)
	Slovak Republic	53.2	(3.0)		53.1	(3.3)		32.4	(3.1)		33.2	(2.8)
	Slovenia	23.8	(0.6)		25.7	(0.5)		26.3	(0.3)		18.0	(0.3)
	Spain	46.4	(3.0)		43.0	(3.6)		43.3	(3.5)		48.2	(3.5)
	Sweden	20.4	(2.9)		23.7	(3.2)		21.7	(3.0)		27.8	(3.7)
	Switzerland	16.3	(2.6)		15.5	(2.6)		26.6	(3.0)		20.3	(2.9)
	Turkey	49.1	(4.2)		45.6	(4.2)		35.3	(3.7)		35.3	(4.0)
	United Kingdom	29.1	(3.2)	†	25.7	(3.0)	†	45.5	(3.8)	†	43.9	(3.3)	†
	United States	17.6	(3.2)		16.9	(3.0)		24.4	(3.3)		21.1	(3.5)
	OECD average	35.2	(0.5)		30.9	(0.5)		37.2	(0.5)		35.3	(0.5)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.5.1 [2/6]. Shortage of material resources, 2015 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered to some extent or a lot by:
		2015
		A lack of educational material (e.g. textbooks, ICT equipment, library or laboratory material)			Inadequate or poor quality educational material (e.g. textbooks, ICT equipment, library or laboratory material)			A lack of physical infrastructure (e.g. building, grounds, heating/cooling systems, lighting and acoustic systems)			Inadequate or poor quality physical infrastructure (e.g. building, grounds, heating/cooling systems, lighting and acoustic systems)
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	71.7	(3.2)		59.7	(3.8)		65.4	(3.3)		63.8	(3.5)
	Argentina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	29.3	(2.4)		22.9	(2.2)		33.1	(2.6)		33.0	(2.6)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	33.3	(4.1)		20.8	(3.3)		28.0	(3.6)		22.7	(3.0)
	Costa Rica	68.9	(2.9)		59.4	(3.3)		62.0	(3.4)		61.3	(3.5)
	Croatia	67.1	(3.8)		64.9	(4.1)		73.7	(3.4)		67.5	(3.8)
	Cyprus	32.6	(0.1)		22.6	(0.1)		31.4	(0.1)		22.9	(0.1)
	Dominican Republic	56.3	(3.8)		49.2	(4.3)		38.6	(3.8)		35.0	(3.4)
	Georgia	34.7	(3.0)		39.6	(3.4)		58.3	(3.4)		53.6	(3.4)
	Hong Kong (China)	14.8	(3.1)		20.0	(3.6)		21.7	(3.5)		22.2	(3.5)
	Indonesia	68.7	(3.4)		62.5	(3.3)		62.3	(3.3)		59.1	(3.3)
	Jordan	45.0	(3.8)		46.0	(3.5)		60.6	(3.3)		65.2	(3.0)
	Kazakhstan	47.9	(4.0)		54.8	(3.6)		49.1	(3.8)		42.4	(3.3)
	Kosovo	85.8	(1.2)		72.1	(1.5)		50.8	(1.2)		50.2	(1.3)
	Lebanon	35.7	(3.4)		36.6	(3.1)		41.5	(3.5)		36.8	(3.2)
	Macao (China)	27.8	(0.1)		31.4	(0.1)		41.0	(0.1)		44.2	(0.1)
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	7.3	(0.1)		13.6	(0.1)		34.5	(0.1)		31.4	(0.1)
	Moldova	77.3	(2.9)		67.2	(3.1)		34.5	(3.5)		37.7	(3.7)
	Montenegro	59.5	(0.5)		57.3	(0.3)		47.3	(0.5)		56.3	(0.5)
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	58.3	(0.2)		41.9	(0.2)		25.6	(0.2)		20.8	(0.1)
	Panama	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Peru	66.9	(2.8)		57.5	(3.0)		46.4	(3.0)		47.4	(2.9)
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	11.4	(0.1)		8.9	(0.1)		17.4	(0.1)		15.7	(0.1)
	Romania	45.9	(4.0)		49.3	(4.3)		32.9	(4.1)		29.2	(3.8)
	Russia	51.3	(4.0)		46.8	(3.9)		49.5	(3.7)		50.2	(3.9)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Singapore	0.0	c		0.0	c		11.4	(0.1)		10.5	(0.1)
	Chinese Taipei	14.6	(2.5)		11.6	(2.3)		35.4	(3.4)		25.5	(3.3)
	Thailand	55.5	(4.0)		46.8	(4.1)		55.6	(3.5)		44.3	(4.0)
Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
United Arab Emirates	29.5	(2.3)		25.8	(2.0)		35.5	(2.4)		33.9	(2.4)
Uruguay	28.5	(2.5)		29.7	(2.5)		53.4	(3.0)		49.0	(3.0)
Viet Nam	46.8	(4.4)		41.3	(4.3)		61.3	(4.0)		52.6	(4.1)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.5.1 [3/6]. Shortage of material resources, 2015 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered to some extent or a lot by:
		2018
		A lack of educational material (e.g. textbooks, ICT equipment, library or laboratory material)			Inadequate or poor quality educational material (e.g. textbooks, ICT equipment, library or laboratory material)			A lack of physical infrastructure (e.g. building, grounds, heating/cooling systems, lighting and acoustic systems)			Inadequate or poor quality physical infrastructure (e.g. building, grounds, heating/cooling systems, lighting and acoustic systems)
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	9.8	(1.2)		8.7	(1.0)		24.9	(1.8)		25.0	(1.6)
	Austria	29.5	(2.9)		27.6	(3.2)		28.4	(2.9)		28.9	(3.0)
	Belgium	24.5	(2.6)		17.9	(2.4)		41.2	(3.0)		41.3	(3.3)
	Canada	10.7	(1.5)		8.8	(1.2)		16.0	(1.8)		14.3	(1.8)
	Chile	19.8	(2.9)		19.9	(2.8)		33.7	(3.7)		25.3	(3.0)
	Colombia	61.6	(3.2)		47.6	(3.6)		59.6	(3.1)		54.5	(3.4)
	Czech Republic	30.7	(2.9)		23.4	(2.7)		38.1	(2.6)		41.3	(2.9)
	Denmark	12.8	(2.3)		10.1	(2.2)		19.7	(3.0)		23.6	(3.1)
	Estonia	27.7	(1.8)		22.4	(1.6)		37.6	(2.1)		37.0	(1.7)
	Finland	27.5	(3.3)		27.9	(3.2)		25.8	(2.9)		34.0	(3.0)
	France	16.6	(2.4)		12.0	(2.4)		29.3	(3.1)		27.6	(3.2)
	Germany	39.4	(3.7)		41.0	(3.2)		36.9	(3.7)		41.5	(3.7)
	Greece	58.9	(3.5)		50.6	(3.4)		46.1	(3.9)		47.9	(4.0)
	Hungary	46.7	(3.9)		45.4	(3.7)		44.5	(3.6)		36.7	(3.8)
	Iceland	22.7	(0.2)		19.8	(0.2)		17.6	(0.2)		10.8	(0.2)
	Ireland	31.2	(3.9)		26.4	(3.8)		44.6	(4.1)		40.7	(4.3)
	Israel	32.2	(3.6)		31.2	(4.1)		57.3	(4.1)		51.6	(3.5)
	Italy	28.3	(2.7)		26.1	(3.0)		53.0	(3.9)		54.9	(3.6)
	Japan	53.5	(3.7)		43.0	(3.4)		55.2	(3.8)		50.5	(3.5)
	Korea	39.4	(3.5)		34.7	(3.6)		51.9	(4.0)		58.4	(3.9)
	Latvia	23.0	(1.8)		21.9	(1.7)		15.5	(1.7)		16.6	(1.7)
	Lithuania	23.7	(1.6)		23.3	(1.5)		21.8	(1.4)		21.5	(1.5)
	Luxembourg	12.1	(0.1)		3.7	(0.1)		34.7	(0.1)		30.1	(0.1)
	Mexico	50.6	(2.7)		44.2	(3.1)		44.9	(2.8)		39.4	(3.3)
	Netherlands	11.9	(2.9)		11.6	(2.9)		22.4	(4.2)		25.8	(3.9)
	New Zealand	13.2	(2.2)		10.5	(1.9)		37.8	(2.9)		34.8	(3.0)
	Norway	22.6	(3.0)		28.5	(3.5)		21.6	(2.8)		26.3	(3.1)
	Poland	26.2	(3.1)		27.3	(3.0)		14.7	(2.1)		20.1	(2.8)
	Portugal	41.6	(3.1)		42.0	(3.0)		43.5	(3.5)		47.5	(2.9)
	Slovak Republic	56.7	(2.9)		56.3	(3.0)		29.0	(2.9)		31.7	(2.8)
	Slovenia	24.5	(0.4)		19.4	(0.3)		31.6	(0.7)		23.3	(0.5)
	Spain	38.7	(2.2)		28.6	(2.0)		42.4	(2.3)		39.0	(2.2)
	Sweden	14.4	(2.3)		16.0	(2.8)		20.2	(2.8)		21.3	(3.2)
	Switzerland	13.9	(2.4)		11.5	(2.4)		19.0	(3.0)		19.9	(3.0)
	Turkey	13.3	(2.4)		11.4	(2.3)		12.5	(2.6)		10.3	(2.3)
	United Kingdom	27.3	(3.1)		23.5	(3.0)		33.6	(3.1)		33.2	(3.3)
	United States	15.1	(3.5)		12.2	(3.3)		18.0	(3.5)		16.9	(3.2)
	OECD average	28.4	(0.5)		25.3	(0.5)		33.1	(0.5)		32.5	(0.5)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.5.1 [4/6]. Shortage of material resources, 2015 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered to some extent or a lot by:
		2018
		A lack of educational material (e.g. textbooks, ICT equipment, library or laboratory material)			Inadequate or poor quality educational material (e.g. textbooks, ICT equipment, library or laboratory material)			A lack of physical infrastructure (e.g. building, grounds, heating/cooling systems, lighting and acoustic systems)			Inadequate or poor quality physical infrastructure (e.g. building, grounds, heating/cooling systems, lighting and acoustic systems)
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	49.6	(2.7)		38.1	(2.4)		40.3	(2.7)		38.9	(2.6)
	Argentina	47.5	(3.1)		38.9	(3.2)		58.2	(3.2)		50.5	(3.3)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	24.2	(3.4)	†	53.3	(4.4)	†	47.1	(4.5)	†	37.7	(4.3)	†
	Belarus	42.7	(3.6)		23.5	(3.1)		23.3	(2.7)		27.2	(3.3)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	67.0	(3.1)		65.4	(3.0)		47.5	(3.0)		52.5	(3.2)
	Brazil	31.9	(2.2)		23.3	(1.6)		32.5	(2.1)		35.1	(2.4)
	Brunei Darussalam	37.6	(0.1)		32.1	(0.1)		36.5	(0.1)		46.6	(0.1)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	20.4	(2.9)		21.2	(3.0)		27.8	(3.2)		23.7	(3.2)
	Bulgaria	22.0	(3.4)		11.7	(2.5)		30.8	(3.4)		21.2	(2.9)
	Costa Rica	52.7	(3.7)		50.1	(3.3)		55.2	(3.9)		58.2	(3.5)
	Croatia	52.6	(3.5)		53.5	(4.0)		64.0	(3.6)		55.5	(3.6)
	Cyprus	24.0	(0.4)		20.7	(0.3)		23.8	(0.3)		23.5	(0.5)
	Dominican Republic	46.0	(3.4)		43.1	(3.8)		41.2	(3.8)		30.6	(3.4)
	Georgia	37.9	(3.2)		35.2	(3.2)		46.4	(2.9)		49.5	(2.9)
	Hong Kong (China)	17.5	(3.1)		15.7	(3.0)		31.8	(4.4)		29.4	(4.7)
	Indonesia	59.2	(4.3)		60.3	(4.3)		61.5	(4.3)		56.4	(4.7)
	Jordan	45.1	(3.6)		45.9	(3.1)		55.0	(2.9)		57.1	(3.0)
	Kazakhstan	43.1	(3.0)		36.7	(2.9)		37.7	(2.7)		39.8	(2.8)
	Kosovo	85.9	(1.3)		80.5	(1.6)		50.4	(1.8)		48.5	(1.8)
	Lebanon	33.9	(2.5)		25.3	(2.1)		35.5	(2.7)		30.9	(2.6)
	Macao (China)	13.0	(0.0)		16.1	(0.0)		37.5	(0.0)		34.6	(0.0)
	Malaysia	13.4	(2.4)		19.1	(2.7)		27.0	(3.2)		29.5	(3.6)
	Malta	10.1	(0.1)		6.1	(0.0)		28.7	(0.2)		30.8	(0.1)
	Moldova	58.3	(3.7)		44.0	(3.6)		31.3	(3.8)		31.4	(3.5)
	Montenegro	36.8	(0.6)		32.0	(0.6)		40.4	(0.4)		41.8	(0.3)
	Morocco	68.8	(3.5)		64.0	(3.4)		57.0	(3.5)		51.6	(3.6)
	North Macedonia	65.4	(0.1)		48.1	(0.1)		36.6	(0.1)		34.2	(0.1)
	Panama	51.6	(2.8)		33.9	(2.3)		57.8	(2.6)		46.0	(2.8)
	Peru	54.2	(2.5)		52.6	(2.6)		38.3	(2.8)		39.9	(2.8)
	Philippines	51.1	(3.5)		51.6	(3.1)		53.0	(3.5)		52.0	(3.5)
	Qatar	3.3	(0.0)		2.3	(0.0)		10.2	(0.0)		8.4	(0.0)
	Romania	47.3	(4.2)		48.7	(4.1)		29.1	(4.0)		26.4	(3.5)
	Russia	48.4	(3.4)		42.6	(3.7)		41.6	(3.8)		42.1	(3.6)
	Saudi Arabia	44.4	(3.4)		37.0	(3.1)		51.7	(3.3)		50.9	(3.4)
	Serbia	49.2	(3.6)		49.8	(3.7)		46.7	(3.5)		46.6	(3.5)
	Singapore	0.7	(0.0)		0.8	(0.1)		6.5	(0.2)		5.8	(0.4)
	Chinese Taipei	11.2	(2.4)		7.9	(2.1)		32.2	(3.7)		25.0	(3.2)
	Thailand	56.6	(3.2)		45.6	(4.1)		39.1	(3.2)		31.9	(2.9)
Ukraine	73.7	(2.8)		53.1	(3.7)		37.9	(3.5)		41.8	(3.4)
United Arab Emirates	22.3	(1.0)		18.6	(0.8)		25.5	(1.2)		24.4	(1.3)
Uruguay	30.7	(3.5)		28.8	(3.2)		44.3	(3.7)		46.7	(3.5)
Viet Nam	43.8	(5.1)		33.5	(4.5)		51.7	(4.4)		45.9	(5.0)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.5.1 [5/6]. Shortage of material resources, 2015 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered to some extent or a lot by:
		Change between 2015 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
		A lack of educational material (e.g. textbooks, ICT equipment, library or laboratory material)			Inadequate or poor quality educational material (e.g. textbooks, ICT equipment, library or laboratory material)			A lack of physical infrastructure (e.g. building, grounds, heating/cooling systems, lighting and acoustic systems)			Inadequate or poor quality physical infrastructure (e.g. building, grounds, heating/cooling systems, lighting and acoustic systems)
		% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	-1.1	(1.7)		-1.5	(1.6)		0.8	(2.5)		-0.3	(2.4)
	Austria	3.8	(4.2)		7.2	(4.5)		2.7	(4.1)		3.1	(4.0)
	Belgium	-7.5	(3.9)		-2.6	(3.4)		-3.3	(4.4)		-1.0	(4.5)
	Canada	-5.8	(2.5)		-4.4	(2.4)		-0.8	(2.6)		-3.3	(2.8)
	Chile	3.3	(4.3)		6.0	(4.0)		10.3	(4.9)		2.8	(4.7)
	Colombia	1.3	(4.7)		2.2	(4.7)		2.0	(4.8)		3.2	(4.9)
	Czech Republic	2.2	(4.0)		0.8	(3.6)		8.1	(3.8)		12.9	(3.9)
	Denmark	-6.3	(3.6)		-6.7	(3.2)		-7.8	(4.5)		-3.4	(4.4)
	Estonia	-20.7	(3.4)		-17.1	(3.1)		3.6	(3.1)		0.2	(2.9)
	Finland	-13.7	(5.1)		-11.9	(4.8)		-12.5	(5.0)		-7.4	(4.8)
	France	-10.7	(3.7)		-7.3	(3.5)		-3.2	(4.5)		-1.3	(4.7)
	Germany	3.4	(5.1)		6.3	(4.8)		-2.4	(5.1)		1.7	(5.2)
	Greece	5.0	(5.3)		1.6	(5.0)		1.2	(5.5)		9.3	(5.5)
	Hungary	-24.4	(4.9)		-15.6	(4.9)		-7.9	(4.9)		-7.1	(4.8)
	Iceland	-14.8	(0.3)		-11.6	(0.4)		0.4	(0.3)		-7.5	(0.3)
	Ireland	-4.5	(5.6)		-4.9	(5.3)		-8.5	(5.8)		-4.6	(5.7)
	Israel	-5.1	(5.4)		-1.3	(5.5)		-0.9	(5.7)		-5.0	(5.2)
	Italy	-13.8	(4.2)	†	-11.5	(4.6)	†	-5.1	(5.1)	†	-5.0	(4.8)	†
	Japan	-11.8	(5.2)		-13.8	(4.9)		-13.9	(5.0)		-7.0	(4.9)
	Korea	-11.0	(5.4)		-8.8	(5.5)		-6.2	(5.8)		5.7	(5.7)
	Latvia	-13.1	(3.4)		-3.4	(3.4)		-5.8	(2.8)		-7.2	(2.9)
	Lithuania	-31.2	(3.1)		-29.5	(3.2)		-26.4	(3.0)		-23.5	(3.1)
	Luxembourg	8.8	(0.1)		-2.7	(0.1)		1.1	(0.2)		10.6	(0.1)
	Mexico	-8.6	(3.9)		-1.4	(4.6)		-12.2	(4.3)		-4.6	(4.7)
	Netherlands	-18.1	(5.4)	†	-10.6	(4.8)	†	-4.2	(6.1)	†	-0.4	(5.7)	†
	New Zealand	0.4	(3.5)		-0.5	(3.1)		-1.6	(4.8)		-1.6	(4.9)
	Norway	-13.0	(4.4)		-8.2	(4.9)		-8.5	(4.4)		-10.3	(4.6)
	Poland	-6.9	(5.0)		-7.7	(5.1)		-6.7	(3.6)		-3.9	(4.2)
	Portugal	16.9	(4.6)		22.8	(4.4)		5.4	(4.7)		3.0	(4.3)
	Slovak Republic	3.5	(4.2)		3.2	(4.5)		-3.5	(4.2)		-1.5	(4.0)
	Slovenia	0.8	(0.7)		-6.4	(0.6)		5.3	(0.8)		5.3	(0.6)
	Spain	-7.6	(3.7)		-14.4	(4.1)		-0.8	(4.2)		-9.2	(4.1)
	Sweden	-6.0	(3.7)		-7.7	(4.3)		-1.4	(4.1)		-6.4	(4.9)
	Switzerland	-2.5	(3.5)		-4.0	(3.5)		-7.5	(4.2)		-0.4	(4.2)
	Turkey	-35.8	(4.8)		-34.1	(4.8)		-22.7	(4.5)		-25.1	(4.6)
	United Kingdom	-1.9	(4.5)	†	-2.2	(4.2)	†	-11.9	(4.9)	†	-10.7	(4.7)	†
	United States	-2.6	(4.7)		-4.7	(4.5)		-6.4	(4.8)		-4.2	(4.7)
	OECD average	-6.7	(0.7)		-5.6	(0.7)		-4.1	(0.7)		-2.8	(0.7)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.5.1 [6/6]. Shortage of material resources, 2015 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered to some extent or a lot by:
		Change between 2015 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
		A lack of educational material (e.g. textbooks, ICT equipment, library or laboratory material)			Inadequate or poor quality educational material (e.g. textbooks, ICT equipment, library or laboratory material)			A lack of physical infrastructure (e.g. building, grounds, heating/cooling systems, lighting and acoustic systems)			Inadequate or poor quality physical infrastructure (e.g. building, grounds, heating/cooling systems, lighting and acoustic systems)
		% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	-22.0	(4.2)		-21.5	(4.5)		-25.1	(4.3)		-24.9	(4.4)
	Argentina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	2.7	(3.2)		0.4	(2.7)		-0.6	(3.3)		2.0	(3.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	-11.3	(5.3)		-9.1	(4.1)		2.8	(5.0)		-1.5	(4.2)
	Costa Rica	-16.3	(4.7)		-9.4	(4.7)		-6.8	(5.1)		-3.1	(5.0)
	Croatia	-14.5	(5.2)		-11.4	(5.7)		-9.6	(5.0)		-12.0	(5.3)
	Cyprus	-8.6	(0.4)		-1.9	(0.3)		-7.5	(0.4)		0.6	(0.5)
	Dominican Republic	-10.4	(5.1)		-6.2	(5.7)		2.6	(5.4)		-4.4	(4.8)
	Georgia	3.2	(4.4)		-4.4	(4.7)		-11.9	(4.5)		-4.2	(4.5)
	Hong Kong (China)	2.7	(4.4)		-4.3	(4.7)		10.1	(5.7)		7.2	(5.9)
	Indonesia	-9.5	(5.5)		-2.3	(5.4)		-0.8	(5.5)		-2.7	(5.8)
	Jordan	0.1	(5.3)		-0.1	(4.7)		-5.6	(4.4)		-8.0	(4.2)
	Kazakhstan	-4.8	(5.0)		-18.2	(4.6)		-11.4	(4.7)		-2.6	(4.3)
	Kosovo	0.2	(1.7)		8.4	(2.2)		-0.4	(2.1)		-1.7	(2.2)
	Lebanon	-1.8	(4.3)		-11.3	(3.7)		-6.0	(4.4)		-5.8	(4.1)
	Macao (China)	-14.9	(0.1)		-15.2	(0.1)		-3.5	(0.1)		-9.5	(0.1)
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	2.8	(0.1)		-7.5	(0.1)		-5.8	(0.2)		-0.6	(0.2)
	Moldova	-19.1	(4.7)		-23.2	(4.7)		-3.2	(5.2)		-6.3	(5.1)
	Montenegro	-22.7	(0.7)		-25.3	(0.7)		-6.9	(0.6)		-14.5	(0.6)
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	7.0	(0.2)		6.2	(0.2)		11.0	(0.2)		13.4	(0.2)
	Panama	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Peru	-12.7	(3.7)		-4.9	(4.0)		-8.1	(4.1)		-7.5	(4.1)
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	-8.2	(0.1)		-6.6	(0.1)		-7.2	(0.1)		-7.2	(0.1)
	Romania	1.4	(5.8)		-0.6	(5.9)		-3.8	(5.8)		-2.8	(5.2)
	Russia	-2.9	(5.3)		-4.2	(5.3)		-7.9	(5.3)		-8.1	(5.3)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Singapore	0.7	(0.0)		0.8	(0.1)		-4.9	(0.2)		-4.8	(0.4)
	Chinese Taipei	-3.4	(3.5)		-3.7	(3.1)		-3.2	(5.0)		-0.5	(4.6)
	Thailand	1.1	(5.1)		-1.3	(5.8)		-16.5	(4.8)		-12.5	(4.9)
Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
United Arab Emirates	-7.2	(2.5)		-7.1	(2.1)		-10.0	(2.7)		-9.5	(2.7)
Uruguay	2.2	(4.3)		-0.8	(4.0)		-9.1	(4.7)		-2.2	(4.6)
Viet Nam	-3.0	(6.8)		-7.9	(6.2)		-9.5	(5.9)		-6.7	(6.5)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.5.15 [1/4]. School’s capacity to enhance teaching and learning using digital devices

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal agreed or strongly agreed with the following statements:
		The number of digital devices connected to the Internet is sufficient			The school’s Internet bandwidth or speed is sufficient			The number of digital devices for instruction is sufficient			Digital devices at the school are sufficiently powerful in terms of computing capacity			The availability of appropriate software is sufficient			Teachers have the necessary technical and pedagogical skills to integrate digital devices in instruction
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	80.8	(1.6)		72.4	(1.8)		76.8	(1.7)		84.3	(1.6)		92.6	(1.1)		67.7	(1.8)
	Austria	82.0	(2.9)		67.9	(3.0)		72.0	(2.9)		79.1	(3.1)		85.3	(2.7)		83.3	(2.6)
	Belgium	65.4	(2.4)		69.3	(2.4)		63.4	(2.6)		71.8	(2.8)		75.1	(2.2)		55.1	(2.8)
	Canada	81.2	(1.7)		81.4	(2.1)		74.6	(2.2)		84.2	(1.7)		87.3	(1.4)		69.0	(2.3)
	Chile	64.3	(3.9)		57.7	(3.6)		55.6	(3.9)		55.5	(3.8)		50.7	(4.1)		62.2	(3.7)
	Colombia	28.6	(3.1)		25.2	(2.8)		36.7	(2.9)		28.4	(3.1)		27.8	(2.9)		55.5	(3.7)
	Czech Republic	74.2	(2.5)		71.6	(2.6)		61.2	(3.0)		54.3	(3.2)		68.6	(2.7)		63.4	(2.9)
	Denmark	84.8	(2.4)		89.9	(2.0)		76.0	(2.7)		83.7	(2.4)		83.5	(2.3)		80.2	(2.6)
	Estonia	81.5	(1.7)		74.8	(1.6)		64.4	(1.9)		77.3	(1.8)		82.0	(1.6)		63.6	(2.1)
	Finland	49.2	(2.8)		72.9	(3.5)		39.7	(3.2)		77.9	(3.0)		75.3	(3.1)		50.1	(3.1)
	France	74.3	(3.3)		56.6	(3.4)		69.9	(3.1)		73.2	(3.2)		79.0	(2.7)		56.5	(3.2)
	Germany	44.1	(3.6)		31.7	(3.7)		33.0	(3.5)		58.8	(3.8)		59.2	(4.0)		56.7	(3.8)
	Greece	49.9	(3.1)		62.7	(2.7)		32.9	(3.2)		47.4	(3.0)		49.7	(3.1)		62.8	(3.1)
	Hungary	50.7	(3.8)		48.0	(3.7)		42.4	(3.7)		42.2	(3.5)		62.9	(3.8)		55.5	(4.0)
	Iceland	59.1	(0.2)		78.1	(0.2)		58.5	(0.2)		84.1	(0.2)		78.4	(0.2)		40.8	(0.3)
	Ireland	56.5	(3.9)		75.9	(3.8)		45.3	(4.1)		73.2	(3.7)		71.9	(3.9)		49.3	(4.4)
	Israel	47.3	(3.9)		45.6	(3.8)		38.8	(3.6)		48.1	(3.6)		55.7	(3.8)		55.6	(3.5)
	Italy	71.4	(2.9)		60.4	(3.1)		63.2	(3.0)		70.8	(3.0)		70.7	(3.0)		50.2	(3.4)
	Japan	36.5	(3.9)		45.2	(3.8)		27.2	(3.7)		46.1	(4.2)		39.7	(3.9)		27.3	(3.5)
	Korea	76.4	(3.2)		83.4	(2.9)		65.9	(3.4)		75.6	(3.3)		69.7	(3.5)		83.2	(3.0)
	Latvia	77.2	(2.0)		79.1	(1.4)		51.4	(2.1)		65.5	(2.2)		80.7	(1.7)		79.8	(1.7)
	Lithuania	86.5	(1.2)		91.3	(0.9)		74.6	(1.7)		77.3	(1.6)		71.5	(1.7)		84.1	(1.4)
	Luxembourg	75.8	(0.1)		78.8	(0.1)		59.6	(0.1)		89.4	(0.1)		89.6	(0.1)		59.3	(0.1)
	Mexico	34.2	(2.8)		31.7	(2.9)		33.7	(3.1)		37.1	(3.3)		41.9	(3.3)		76.5	(3.0)
	Netherlands	76.4	(3.2)		87.1	(3.0)		68.9	(3.7)		84.1	(3.0)		87.3	(2.7)		51.6	(4.3)
	New Zealand	81.0	(2.9)		87.9	(2.4)		69.7	(3.4)		94.3	(1.6)		93.1	(1.4)		60.5	(3.2)
	Norway	71.1	(3.0)		79.9	(2.5)		65.8	(3.1)		81.0	(2.5)		82.3	(2.6)		74.5	(2.6)
	Poland	68.0	(3.4)		58.9	(3.4)		56.1	(3.6)		51.1	(3.7)		54.4	(3.3)		78.5	(2.5)
	Portugal	47.5	(3.4)		32.0	(3.4)		39.7	(3.2)		30.7	(2.8)		44.3	(3.2)		62.5	(3.2)
	Slovak Republic	68.4	(2.6)		61.0	(2.7)		62.7	(2.8)		58.9	(2.8)		76.4	(2.6)		82.6	(2.0)
	Slovenia	89.3	(0.3)		90.0	(0.3)		85.7	(0.4)		81.6	(0.4)		86.4	(0.5)		77.2	(0.6)
	Spain	53.3	(2.4)		52.9	(2.3)		43.6	(2.0)		49.4	(1.9)		53.5	(2.1)		53.3	(2.3)
	Sweden	86.1	(2.6)		89.1	(2.3)		80.8	(3.0)		93.0	(1.8)		87.2	(2.4)		72.0	(3.1)
	Switzerland	78.9	(3.3)		73.8	(3.6)		68.4	(3.7)		86.0	(2.4)		89.7	(2.2)		70.0	(3.0)
	Turkey	82.0	(3.1)		76.6	(3.0)		78.3	(3.1)		82.1	(2.9)		68.1	(3.4)		74.9	(3.2)
	United Kingdom	69.1	(3.6)		75.2	(2.7)		66.7	(3.1)		66.8	(3.2)		80.8	(2.4)		72.3	(3.3)
	United States	84.5	(3.3)		82.4	(3.3)		78.3	(3.5)		89.3	(2.7)		86.7	(2.9)		73.6	(3.5)
	OECD average	67.2	(0.5)		67.5	(0.5)		59.0	(0.5)		68.5	(0.5)		71.3	(0.5)		64.6	(0.5)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.5.15 [2/4]. School’s capacity to enhance teaching and learning using digital devices

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal agreed or strongly agreed with the following statements:
		The number of digital devices connected to the Internet is sufficient			The school’s Internet bandwidth or speed is sufficient			The number of digital devices for instruction is sufficient			Digital devices at the school are sufficiently powerful in terms of computing capacity			The availability of appropriate software is sufficient			Teachers have the necessary technical and pedagogical skills to integrate digital devices in instruction
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	43.9	(2.2)		66.5	(2.8)		38.0	(2.5)		34.3	(2.5)		46.8	(2.7)		89.3	(1.8)
	Argentina	29.4	(2.6)		21.7	(2.2)		23.3	(2.6)		29.6	(2.6)		33.7	(2.8)		40.9	(2.9)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	57.3	(4.0)	†	52.3	(4.3)	†	39.3	(3.9)	†	46.1	(4.3)	†	70.5	(3.7)	†	64.8	(4.0)	†
	Belarus	62.9	(3.5)		79.8	(3.0)		57.8	(3.8)		57.1	(3.8)		65.0	(3.3)		85.7	(2.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	46.5	(3.6)		49.7	(3.0)		37.5	(3.3)		36.5	(3.1)		35.0	(3.2)		66.8	(3.3)
	Brazil	27.5	(1.6)		26.0	(1.8)		23.0	(1.9)		27.4	(2.0)		24.7	(1.8)		50.6	(2.2)
	Brunei Darussalam	50.1	(0.1)		32.2	(0.1)		31.1	(0.1)		47.8	(0.1)		55.9	(0.1)		70.7	(0.1)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	91.1	(2.3)		95.8	(1.2)		93.6	(1.5)		85.9	(2.6)		79.4	(2.9)		91.7	(1.8)
	Bulgaria	53.4	(3.9)		79.4	(3.1)		42.4	(4.0)		66.5	(4.0)		70.2	(3.7)		79.5	(2.9)
	Costa Rica	39.4	(3.4)		34.3	(3.0)		32.5	(3.5)		47.7	(3.6)		40.5	(3.5)		54.5	(3.5)
	Croatia	76.4	(3.2)		69.9	(3.3)		65.0	(3.6)		53.1	(3.6)		57.8	(3.6)		61.9	(3.3)
	Cyprus	90.1	(0.7)		71.3	(0.5)		71.6	(0.8)		82.2	(0.7)		77.2	(0.7)		80.7	(0.2)
	Dominican Republic	44.0	(3.1)		44.4	(3.4)		43.2	(3.4)		56.7	(3.4)		45.6	(4.0)		59.4	(3.8)
	Georgia	61.1	(3.0)		72.2	(3.1)		50.2	(3.3)		76.9	(2.6)		89.8	(1.8)		72.7	(2.8)
	Hong Kong (China)	72.8	(4.4)		86.8	(3.3)		65.3	(4.8)		69.4	(4.3)		68.3	(4.3)		53.2	(4.9)
	Indonesia	78.6	(3.5)		79.6	(3.7)		62.9	(4.0)		64.4	(4.3)		65.2	(3.9)		81.6	(3.3)
	Jordan	49.8	(3.2)		52.0	(3.5)		37.5	(3.2)		39.9	(2.9)		57.5	(2.9)		65.4	(3.3)
	Kazakhstan	63.2	(2.4)		64.5	(2.2)		56.9	(2.6)		52.7	(2.8)		73.4	(2.4)		90.1	(1.6)
	Kosovo	22.1	(1.4)		28.7	(1.3)		14.5	(1.2)		20.7	(1.2)		17.3	(1.2)		72.2	(1.8)
	Lebanon	51.7	(3.0)		46.6	(3.0)		55.9	(3.3)		61.0	(2.7)		58.4	(2.7)		63.9	(2.7)
	Macao (China)	91.1	(0.0)		68.0	(0.0)		73.0	(0.0)		65.6	(0.0)		80.9	(0.1)		67.8	(0.1)
	Malaysia	41.7	(3.6)		36.0	(3.6)		31.4	(3.0)		34.4	(3.0)		48.7	(3.8)		73.2	(3.0)
	Malta	72.0	(0.2)		61.3	(0.2)		71.8	(0.1)		74.1	(0.2)		69.5	(0.2)		59.6	(0.2)
	Moldova	51.5	(3.5)		60.3	(3.1)		41.7	(3.4)		47.6	(3.7)		22.0	(3.1)		72.8	(3.3)
	Montenegro	42.8	(0.4)		75.2	(0.5)		39.7	(0.7)		32.2	(0.4)		56.7	(0.6)		75.6	(0.3)
	Morocco	27.7	(3.3)		25.8	(3.2)		18.6	(2.8)		24.9	(3.1)		26.5	(3.4)		41.0	(3.6)
	North Macedonia	34.3	(0.1)		31.6	(0.1)		37.5	(0.1)		36.8	(0.1)		43.7	(0.1)		78.6	(0.1)
	Panama	33.7	(2.7)		25.2	(2.7)		28.8	(2.8)		31.6	(2.8)		26.4	(2.8)		72.2	(2.4)
	Peru	32.0	(2.0)		26.9	(2.2)		31.0	(2.3)		35.0	(2.7)		31.8	(2.2)		54.1	(3.1)
	Philippines	43.0	(3.4)		41.2	(3.5)		42.3	(3.0)		48.3	(3.2)		49.6	(3.0)		90.3	(2.3)
	Qatar	88.0	(0.1)		78.9	(0.1)		84.5	(0.1)		91.2	(0.1)		82.2	(0.1)		90.3	(0.1)
	Romania	60.2	(3.7)		76.2	(3.5)		47.2	(3.7)		49.3	(3.6)		44.4	(3.5)		78.7	(3.4)
	Russia	75.3	(2.4)		76.7	(2.5)		62.4	(3.4)		52.7	(3.2)		69.4	(2.8)		88.0	(2.2)
	Saudi Arabia	60.6	(3.4)		43.8	(3.2)		49.2	(3.1)		51.9	(2.9)		49.7	(3.0)		85.4	(2.5)
	Serbia	53.2	(4.1)		61.0	(3.5)		42.9	(3.5)		48.7	(3.4)		49.4	(3.7)		70.6	(3.5)
	Singapore	95.2	(0.1)		90.3	(0.6)		93.7	(0.1)		97.3	(0.0)		97.1	(0.0)		89.3	(0.8)
	Chinese Taipei	87.8	(2.6)		82.0	(3.0)		78.2	(3.2)		82.5	(3.0)		77.6	(3.3)		70.8	(3.4)
	Thailand	68.7	(3.2)		69.3	(3.2)		56.1	(3.7)		63.0	(3.0)		66.1	(3.4)		86.2	(2.9)
Ukraine	39.0	(3.4)		58.7	(3.4)		25.3	(3.1)		30.0	(3.7)		27.8	(3.3)		81.0	(2.9)
United Arab Emirates	85.0	(1.9)		79.8	(1.8)		85.6	(0.5)		86.4	(1.9)		85.2	(1.9)		91.0	(0.9)
Uruguay	40.3	(3.6)		32.8	(3.0)		35.6	(3.6)		35.8	(3.7)		38.7	(3.6)		49.5	(3.7)
Viet Nam	74.8	(3.8)		79.7	(3.5)		62.8	(4.1)		65.5	(4.0)		77.7	(3.2)		77.6	(4.0)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.5.15 [3/4]. School’s capacity to enhance teaching and learning using digital devices

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal agreed or strongly agreed with the following statements:
		Teachers have sufficient time to prepare lessons integrating digital devices			Effective professional resources for teachers to learn how to use digital devices are available			An effective online learning support platform is available			Teachers are provided with incentives to integrate digital devices in their teaching			The school has sufficient qualified technical assistant staff
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	56.6	(2.0)		72.3	(1.9)		75.9	(1.7)		35.9	(1.8)		76.2	(1.7)
	Austria	80.6	(2.5)		79.3	(2.7)		67.3	(2.9)		72.0	(3.2)		72.9	(2.9)
	Belgium	70.8	(2.9)		65.4	(2.8)		46.9	(2.7)		59.6	(3.3)		54.3	(2.8)
	Canada	68.3	(2.3)		77.6	(1.9)		65.1	(1.7)		34.5	(2.4)		61.9	(2.6)
	Chile	66.5	(3.7)		67.6	(3.7)		38.7	(3.7)		21.7	(2.9)		68.3	(3.6)
	Colombia	70.1	(3.0)		49.8	(3.8)		36.2	(3.5)		23.5	(2.9)		27.1	(3.0)
	Czech Republic	62.0	(2.5)		88.6	(2.1)		57.0	(3.1)		82.6	(2.2)		48.2	(3.3)
	Denmark	64.1	(3.4)		82.2	(2.6)		90.9	(2.1)		88.8	(2.2)		79.5	(2.6)
	Estonia	49.8	(2.4)		79.3	(1.8)		66.5	(2.0)		64.1	(1.9)		63.3	(2.0)
	Finland	44.5	(3.6)		61.9	(3.5)		80.0	(2.6)		37.4	(2.9)		64.8	(3.3)
	France	81.1	(2.9)		70.9	(3.3)		35.2	(3.3)		71.8	(3.1)		49.1	(3.6)
	Germany	44.3	(3.5)		40.7	(3.8)		32.7	(3.7)		45.4	(4.1)		34.4	(3.3)
	Greece	60.5	(3.5)		44.0	(2.9)		34.2	(3.6)		33.8	(3.3)		13.8	(2.2)
	Hungary	30.8	(3.3)		28.8	(3.4)		35.4	(3.0)		78.9	(2.8)		66.7	(3.5)
	Iceland	60.0	(0.2)		63.7	(0.2)		42.8	(0.3)		90.6	(0.1)		75.9	(0.2)
	Ireland	51.1	(4.3)		47.4	(4.1)		45.4	(4.0)		36.2	(4.2)		20.7	(3.1)
	Israel	50.5	(3.9)		51.3	(3.7)		68.2	(2.9)		27.8	(3.8)		55.7	(3.8)
	Italy	57.5	(3.3)		74.5	(3.0)		46.3	(3.3)		49.4	(3.3)		44.0	(3.5)
	Japan	11.7	(2.1)		19.1	(2.8)		24.0	(3.5)		43.5	(3.6)		10.2	(2.3)
	Korea	52.8	(3.8)		51.9	(3.8)		55.8	(3.7)		19.1	(3.3)		36.9	(3.6)
	Latvia	29.9	(2.0)		57.3	(2.1)		51.3	(2.0)		69.5	(2.0)		42.7	(2.3)
	Lithuania	69.1	(1.5)		77.8	(1.3)		66.8	(1.8)		96.0	(0.7)		71.1	(1.4)
	Luxembourg	67.2	(0.1)		65.4	(0.1)		23.9	(0.1)		88.3	(0.1)		46.9	(0.1)
	Mexico	62.3	(3.0)		55.3	(3.0)		33.8	(3.0)		18.8	(2.5)		44.7	(3.4)
	Netherlands	70.3	(3.9)		70.7	(4.1)		50.4	(4.5)		90.5	(2.6)		78.1	(3.5)
	New Zealand	41.5	(3.5)		73.9	(3.5)		76.5	(2.9)		31.3	(2.7)		77.2	(2.6)
	Norway	74.3	(2.7)		72.7	(2.7)		76.1	(2.8)		72.7	(3.1)		90.1	(2.1)
	Poland	77.0	(2.6)		66.9	(2.9)		34.7	(3.0)		95.1	(1.4)		31.4	(3.0)
	Portugal	49.0	(3.7)		53.4	(3.4)		34.9	(3.4)		41.6	(3.3)		27.9	(2.7)
	Slovak Republic	75.5	(2.8)		77.1	(2.4)		41.5	(3.0)		67.5	(2.4)		45.3	(3.0)
	Slovenia	87.9	(0.5)		78.0	(0.4)		77.4	(0.5)		95.7	(0.3)		61.1	(0.6)
	Spain	33.1	(2.2)		55.2	(2.0)		51.5	(2.6)		11.5	(1.3)		38.2	(2.2)
	Sweden	82.3	(2.9)		83.2	(2.6)		80.0	(2.8)		89.0	(2.2)		76.6	(2.9)
	Switzerland	74.5	(3.2)		72.6	(3.8)		48.5	(3.8)		65.2	(3.5)		75.0	(3.2)
	Turkey	84.7	(2.9)		75.7	(3.0)		65.5	(3.3)		91.9	(2.2)		42.5	(3.2)
	United Kingdom	63.0	(3.9)		64.5	(3.5)		65.9	(3.8)		26.0	(3.4)		69.3	(3.2)
	United States	78.5	(3.6)		77.5	(3.0)		77.1	(2.9)		30.6	(4.3)		60.4	(3.7)
	OECD average	60.9	(0.5)		64.7	(0.5)		54.1	(0.5)		56.7	(0.5)		54.1	(0.5)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.5.15 [4/4]. School’s capacity to enhance teaching and learning using digital devices

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal agreed or strongly agreed with the following statements:
		Teachers have sufficient time to prepare lessons integrating digital devices			Effective professional resources for teachers to learn how to use digital devices are available			An effective online learning support platform is available			Teachers are provided with incentives to integrate digital devices in their teaching			The school has sufficient qualified technical assistant staff
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	79.8	(2.8)		70.9	(2.9)		32.2	(2.4)		66.2	(3.1)		75.9	(2.1)
	Argentina	34.8	(2.9)		48.7	(3.5)		18.9	(2.2)		27.4	(3.0)		30.5	(2.8)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	84.2	(2.8)	†	62.5	(4.1)	†	41.3	(4.0)	†	82.8	(3.0)	†	59.4	(4.0)	†
	Belarus	85.0	(2.5)		61.5	(3.6)		27.4	(3.4)		92.4	(1.7)		68.2	(3.2)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	81.7	(2.4)		56.0	(4.1)		33.6	(3.7)		52.5	(4.3)		54.4	(3.4)
	Brazil	52.2	(2.2)		42.3	(2.2)		35.0	(2.2)		56.0	(2.2)		20.1	(2.1)
	Brunei Darussalam	64.4	(0.1)		60.6	(0.1)		34.4	(0.1)		27.1	(0.1)		48.3	(0.1)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	89.6	(2.1)		89.1	(2.3)		94.6	(1.7)		89.4	(2.1)		87.0	(2.3)
	Bulgaria	64.2	(3.9)		77.9	(3.0)		40.4	(3.5)		90.4	(2.2)		67.7	(3.5)
	Costa Rica	42.5	(3.5)		48.2	(3.3)		20.0	(2.9)		24.6	(3.0)		40.2	(3.1)
	Croatia	79.2	(2.6)		72.8	(3.1)		48.6	(3.4)		94.9	(1.5)		41.7	(3.5)
	Cyprus	69.5	(0.4)		75.3	(0.4)		44.5	(0.5)		45.2	(0.5)		48.6	(0.5)
	Dominican Republic	72.3	(3.2)		69.3	(3.3)		46.7	(3.7)		91.7	(2.1)		57.7	(3.7)
	Georgia	85.6	(2.4)		86.0	(2.2)		60.4	(3.1)		76.1	(2.7)		85.5	(1.9)
	Hong Kong (China)	32.4	(5.0)		68.9	(4.2)		67.4	(4.2)		28.0	(4.1)		60.8	(4.6)
	Indonesia	79.6	(3.4)		65.2	(4.0)		59.1	(4.7)		50.2	(4.7)		71.2	(4.1)
	Jordan	40.9	(3.4)		44.4	(3.4)		43.4	(3.7)		38.3	(3.7)		59.9	(3.3)
	Kazakhstan	80.6	(1.8)		78.6	(2.0)		69.9	(2.6)		90.4	(1.4)		81.0	(2.0)
	Kosovo	80.4	(1.2)		66.0	(1.5)		22.0	(1.3)		56.0	(1.7)		72.3	(1.6)
	Lebanon	59.3	(3.0)		61.1	(3.2)		35.2	(3.2)		59.4	(2.6)		56.4	(2.9)
	Macao (China)	71.9	(0.1)		87.0	(0.0)		68.8	(0.1)		86.6	(0.0)		92.4	(0.0)
	Malaysia	48.2	(3.5)		69.3	(3.3)		68.2	(3.3)		40.0	(3.4)		37.0	(3.9)
	Malta	67.5	(0.2)		63.4	(0.1)		58.5	(0.1)		47.8	(0.1)		64.6	(0.1)
	Moldova	54.4	(3.3)		60.8	(3.4)		40.5	(3.5)		84.5	(2.8)		44.8	(3.3)
	Montenegro	88.4	(0.3)		70.5	(0.3)		49.3	(0.6)		78.3	(0.2)		73.1	(0.2)
	Morocco	53.2	(4.0)		40.8	(3.7)		27.8	(3.2)		64.5	(3.4)		24.3	(3.3)
	North Macedonia	80.4	(0.1)		58.5	(0.1)		24.5	(0.1)		81.9	(0.1)		61.4	(0.1)
	Panama	78.1	(2.1)		63.1	(2.6)		23.9	(2.6)		29.0	(3.0)		51.3	(2.6)
	Peru	60.8	(2.8)		48.5	(2.6)		24.0	(2.3)		22.2	(2.1)		43.9	(2.7)
	Philippines	86.6	(2.5)		84.7	(2.7)		54.3	(3.5)		42.3	(3.4)		64.9	(3.9)
	Qatar	86.7	(0.1)		90.3	(0.1)		80.4	(0.1)		77.3	(0.1)		92.5	(0.1)
	Romania	62.8	(3.9)		65.5	(3.8)		31.3	(3.8)		18.2	(3.1)		63.4	(4.4)
	Russia	78.4	(2.6)		78.4	(2.6)		42.8	(2.8)		88.4	(2.1)		82.8	(2.4)
	Saudi Arabia	72.3	(2.9)		65.7	(3.1)		48.6	(3.7)		49.4	(3.5)		49.1	(3.5)
	Serbia	79.5	(2.8)		70.1	(3.3)		40.0	(3.5)		63.1	(3.5)		52.4	(4.0)
	Singapore	75.8	(0.9)		93.7	(0.4)		95.8	(0.6)		56.4	(1.2)		92.8	(0.4)
	Chinese Taipei	68.7	(3.9)		77.3	(3.3)		76.7	(3.3)		98.5	(0.9)		71.1	(3.5)
	Thailand	72.3	(3.0)		76.2	(2.9)		76.8	(3.0)		86.3	(2.3)		66.2	(3.5)
Ukraine	74.7	(2.9)		81.3	(2.3)		64.5	(3.9)		82.6	(3.0)		38.3	(3.7)
United Arab Emirates	88.8	(1.0)		88.9	(0.8)		71.6	(1.7)		78.6	(1.3)		84.6	(1.2)
Uruguay	39.5	(3.9)		48.3	(3.6)		47.4	(3.6)		26.8	(3.5)		63.7	(3.3)
Viet Nam	74.8	(3.7)		54.5	(4.6)		43.4	(4.5)		23.7	(3.6)		60.5	(4.8)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.6.1 [1/2]. Learning time per week in regular school lessons, by subject

In hours; results based on students’ reports

		Regular language-of-instruction lessons			Regular mathematics lessons			Regular science lessons			Foreign language lessons			Total learning time in regular lessons1			Difference between language-of-instruction lessons and foreign language lessons
		Hours	S.E.	x	Hours	S.E.	x	Hours	S.E.	x	Hours	S.E.	x	Hours	S.E.	x	Dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	3.9	(0.0)	†	3.9	(0.0)	†	3.5	(0.0)	†	1.2	(0.0)	†	25.8	(0.1)	†	2.7	(0.0)	†
	Austria	2.6	(0.0)		2.6	(0.0)		3.5	(0.1)	†	3.6	(0.1)		28.8	(0.2)	†	-1.0	(0.1)	†
	Belgium	3.6	(0.0)		3.5	(0.0)		3.1	(0.0)		4.7	(0.1)		27.8	(0.1)		-1.2	(0.1)
	Canada	5.4	(0.1)		5.2	(0.0)		5.1	(0.0)		2.9	(0.1)		28.2	(0.1)	†	2.4	(0.1)
	Chile	6.8	(0.1)	†	7.3	(0.1)	†	5.8	(0.1)	†	4.3	(0.1)	†	31.1	(0.3)	‡	2.5	(0.1)	†
	Colombia	3.7	(0.1)	†	4.0	(0.1)	†	3.3	(0.1)	†	3.2	(0.1)	†	27.6	(0.3)	‡	0.5	(0.1)	†
	Czech Republic	3.1	(0.0)		3.2	(0.0)		4.0	(0.1)		3.9	(0.0)		25.6	(0.1)		-0.8	(0.0)
	Denmark	5.8	(0.1)	†	4.5	(0.0)	†	3.7	(0.0)	†	4.8	(0.1)	†	27.6	(0.2)	†	1.0	(0.1)	†
	Estonia	3.1	(0.0)		3.5	(0.0)		3.6	(0.0)		4.0	(0.0)		26.1	(0.1)		-0.9	(0.0)
	Finland	2.5	(0.0)		2.8	(0.0)		2.5	(0.0)		3.8	(0.0)		24.7	(0.2)		-1.2	(0.0)
	France	3.7	(0.0)	†	3.6	(0.0)	†	2.8	(0.0)	†	4.5	(0.1)	†	27.4	(0.2)	†	-0.8	(0.1)	†
	Germany	3.3	(0.0)	‡	3.4	(0.1)	‡	3.7	(0.1)	‡	4.4	(0.1)	‡	26.7	(0.2)	‡	-1.1	(0.1)	‡
	Greece	2.8	(0.0)		3.4	(0.0)		3.6	(0.0)		1.8	(0.0)		27.7	(0.1)	†	1.0	(0.0)
	Hungary	2.8	(0.0)		2.5	(0.0)		2.9	(0.1)		4.7	(0.1)		26.4	(0.1)	†	-1.9	(0.1)
	Iceland	4.1	(0.0)	†	4.1	(0.0)	†	2.4	(0.0)	†	4.7	(0.0)	†	27.3	(0.2)	†	-0.5	(0.0)	†
	Ireland	3.1	(0.0)		3.2	(0.0)		2.4	(0.0)		2.5	(0.0)		28.8	(0.1)	†	0.6	(0.0)
	Israel	3.3	(0.0)		4.2	(0.0)		3.4	(0.1)		3.8	(0.1)		29.2	(0.2)	†	-0.5	(0.1)
	Italy	4.6	(0.0)	†	3.8	(0.0)	†	2.3	(0.0)	†	3.8	(0.1)	†	29.0	(0.1)	†	0.7	(0.1)	†
	Japan	3.6	(0.0)		4.1	(0.0)		2.9	(0.1)		4.0	(0.0)		28.0	(0.1)		-0.4	(0.0)
	Korea	3.1	(0.0)		3.0	(0.0)		3.0	(0.1)		3.2	(0.1)		29.6	(0.2)		-0.2	(0.1)
	Latvia	2.7	(0.0)		3.8	(0.0)		4.0	(0.0)		3.7	(0.0)		25.9	(0.1)		-0.9	(0.0)
	Lithuania	3.5	(0.0)		3.0	(0.0)		4.4	(0.0)		3.7	(0.0)		25.2	(0.0)		-0.2	(0.0)
	Luxembourg	3.5	(0.0)		3.5	(0.0)		3.2	(0.0)		6.2	(0.0)		27.4	(0.1)		-2.7	(0.0)
	Mexico	3.9	(0.0)	†	4.0	(0.0)	†	3.9	(0.1)	†	2.9	(0.0)	†	28.4	(0.3)	‡	0.9	(0.0)	†
	Netherlands	2.8	(0.0)		2.6	(0.0)		4.4	(0.1)		3.8	(0.1)		27.2	(0.2)		-1.0	(0.1)
	New Zealand	4.1	(0.0)		4.0	(0.0)		4.1	(0.1)		1.2	(0.0)		25.6	(0.1)	†	2.9	(0.1)
	Norway	3.8	(0.0)		3.3	(0.0)		2.4	(0.0)		2.8	(0.0)		25.6	(0.2)		1.0	(0.0)
	Poland	3.8	(0.0)		3.6	(0.0)		2.9	(0.0)		3.6	(0.0)		28.3	(0.1)		0.3	(0.0)
	Portugal	4.1	(0.1)		4.5	(0.1)		3.5	(0.1)		3.8	(0.0)		29.3	(0.2)	†	0.3	(0.0)
	Slovak Republic	3.4	(0.0)		3.2	(0.0)		2.6	(0.1)		4.3	(0.1)		25.3	(0.1)	†	-0.9	(0.1)
	Slovenia	3.0	(0.0)		2.8	(0.0)		3.3	(0.0)		3.0	(0.0)		28.1	(0.1)	†	-0.1	(0.0)
	Spain	3.6	(0.0)	†	3.8	(0.0)	†	3.2	(0.0)	†	3.9	(0.0)	†	29.0	(0.1)	†	-0.4	(0.0)	†
	Sweden	3.1	(0.0)		3.3	(0.0)		3.1	(0.0)		3.8	(0.1)		27.2	(0.2)		-0.7	(0.1)
	Switzerland	3.3	(0.1)	†	3.4	(0.1)	†	2.5	(0.1)	†	4.2	(0.1)	†	26.1	(0.2)	†	-0.9	(0.1)	†
	Turkey	3.5	(0.0)		3.9	(0.0)		3.4	(0.1)		3.2	(0.1)		26.2	(0.2)		0.3	(0.1)
	United Kingdom	4.3	(0.0)		4.2	(0.0)		5.1	(0.0)		1.7	(0.0)		26.9	(0.1)		2.6	(0.1)
	United States	4.2	(0.1)		4.1	(0.1)		4.1	(0.1)		2.9	(0.1)		30.4	(0.2)	†	1.3	(0.1)
	OECD average	3.7	(0.0)		3.7	(0.0)		3.4	(0.0)		3.6	(0.0)		27.5	(0.0)		0.1	(0.0)

1. Total learning time includes all school subjects.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.6.1 [2/2]. Learning time per week in regular school lessons, by subject

In hours; results based on students’ reports

		Regular language-of-instruction lessons			Regular mathematics lessons			Regular science lessons			Foreign language lessons			Total learning time in regular lessons1			Difference between language-of-instruction lessons and foreign language lessons
		Hours	S.E.	x	Hours	S.E.	x	Hours	S.E.	x	Hours	S.E.	x	Hours	S.E.	x	Dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	2.9	(0.0)		3.2	(0.0)		4.9	(0.1)		3.3	(0.1)		25.2	(0.1)		-0.4	(0.1)
	Argentina	3.0	(0.0)	‡	3.2	(0.0)	‡	3.4	(0.1)	‡	2.4	(0.1)	‡	26.0	(0.4)	‡	0.6	(0.1)	‡
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	3.4	(0.1)	†	4.7	(0.1)	†	5.7	(0.1)	†	3.3	(0.1)	†	26.3	(0.2)	‡	0.0	(0.0)	†
	Belarus	2.3	(0.0)		3.3	(0.0)		3.7	(0.1)		2.6	(0.0)		25.8	(0.1)		-0.2	(0.0)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	2.6	(0.0)		2.6	(0.0)		2.8	(0.1)		2.6	(0.1)		26.1	(0.2)	†	0.0	(0.0)
	Brazil	3.8	(0.0)	†	3.8	(0.0)	†	2.9	(0.1)	†	1.8	(0.0)	†	25.7	(0.2)	‡	1.9	(0.0)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	3.4	(0.0)	†	3.7	(0.0)	†	4.5	(0.1)	†	1.6	(0.0)	†	24.1	(0.2)	‡	1.8	(0.0)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	4.6	(0.1)		5.0	(0.1)		5.5	(0.1)		4.6	(0.1)		31.8	(0.2)		0.0	(0.1)
	Bulgaria	2.9	(0.1)	†	2.7	(0.1)	†	4.9	(0.1)	†	4.2	(0.1)	†	25.2	(0.2)	†	-1.3	(0.1)	†
	Costa Rica	4.0	(0.0)		4.3	(0.0)		4.7	(0.1)		5.4	(0.2)		30.8	(0.3)	†	-1.4	(0.1)
	Croatia	2.9	(0.0)		2.6	(0.0)		3.4	(0.1)		2.6	(0.0)		26.9	(0.1)	†	0.3	(0.0)
	Cyprus	4.3	(0.0)	†	3.8	(0.0)	†	3.8	(0.0)	†	3.2	(0.0)	†	28.1	(0.2)	‡	1.2	(0.0)	†
	Dominican Republic	4.4	(0.1)	‡	4.4	(0.1)	‡	4.1	(0.1)	‡	3.7	(0.1)	‡	25.8	(0.5)	‡	0.6	(0.1)	‡
	Georgia	4.0	(0.0)		3.9	(0.0)		3.0	(0.1)		2.7	(0.1)		25.7	(0.2)	†	1.2	(0.1)
	Hong Kong (China)	5.1	(0.1)		4.7	(0.1)		4.0	(0.1)		4.2	(0.1)		28.8	(0.1)		0.9	(0.1)
	Indonesia	4.0	(0.1)		4.2	(0.1)		3.7	(0.1)		3.5	(0.1)		27.3	(0.3)	‡	0.6	(0.1)
	Jordan	4.4	(0.0)		3.8	(0.0)		4.2	(0.0)		3.5	(0.0)		25.5	(0.1)		0.9	(0.0)
	Kazakhstan	2.8	(0.0)		3.4	(0.0)		2.7	(0.0)		2.2	(0.0)		26.7	(0.1)	†	0.6	(0.0)
	Kosovo	2.9	(0.0)		2.5	(0.0)		3.0	(0.0)		2.3	(0.0)		24.5	(0.2)	†	0.5	(0.0)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	4.2	(0.0)		4.4	(0.0)		3.8	(0.0)		3.9	(0.0)		28.6	(0.1)		0.3	(0.0)
	Malaysia	4.3	(0.1)		4.0	(0.1)		4.4	(0.1)		1.7	(0.1)		28.5	(0.2)	†	2.6	(0.1)
	Malta	4.2	(0.0)		4.0	(0.0)		3.8	(0.0)		2.9	(0.0)		28.5	(0.1)	†	1.4	(0.0)
	Moldova	3.9	(0.0)		3.2	(0.0)		3.9	(0.1)		3.0	(0.0)		22.8	(0.1)		0.9	(0.0)
	Montenegro	2.8	(0.0)		2.6	(0.0)		1.7	(0.0)		2.7	(0.0)		26.8	(0.2)	†	0.1	(0.0)
	Morocco	3.9	(0.1)	‡	5.8	(0.1)	‡	3.7	(0.1)	‡	4.9	(0.2)	‡	29.0	(0.3)	‡	-1.0	(0.2)	‡
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	3.8	(0.1)	‡	4.0	(0.1)	‡	3.7	(0.1)	‡	3.5	(0.1)	‡	25.4	(0.4)	‡	0.4	(0.1)	‡
	Peru	5.4	(0.1)	‡	6.6	(0.2)	‡	4.6	(0.1)	‡	2.9	(0.1)	‡	30.4	(0.3)	‡	2.6	(0.2)	‡
	Philippines	5.2	(0.1)		5.2	(0.1)		5.2	(0.1)		2.4	(0.1)	†	32.5	(0.2)	‡	2.8	(0.1)	†
	Qatar	4.5	(0.0)		4.8	(0.0)		5.3	(0.0)		3.7	(0.0)		28.6	(0.1)	†	0.9	(0.0)
	Romania	3.0	(0.0)		2.7	(0.0)		3.4	(0.1)		2.7	(0.1)		25.0	(0.1)	†	0.3	(0.0)
	Russia	2.6	(0.1)		4.0	(0.0)		4.4	(0.1)		2.5	(0.0)		26.6	(0.2)	†	0.1	(0.1)
	Saudi Arabia	3.9	(0.0)		3.6	(0.0)		3.5	(0.0)		3.3	(0.0)		26.5	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)
	Serbia	2.7	(0.0)	†	2.6	(0.0)	†	3.5	(0.1)	†	2.3	(0.0)	†	27.3	(0.2)	†	0.3	(0.0)	†
	Singapore	4.4	(0.0)		5.2	(0.0)		5.4	(0.0)		4.6	(0.1)		28.7	(0.1)		-0.3	(0.1)
	Chinese Taipei	4.2	(0.0)		3.9	(0.0)		3.1	(0.0)		3.9	(0.0)		32.2	(0.2)		0.3	(0.0)
	Thailand	2.9	(0.1)		3.8	(0.1)		4.3	(0.1)		3.9	(0.1)		32.0	(0.2)	‡	-1.0	(0.1)
Ukraine	4.3	(0.1)		3.3	(0.1)		4.0	(0.1)		2.8	(0.1)		24.6	(0.2)	†	1.4	(0.1)
United Arab Emirates	4.5	(0.0)		5.1	(0.0)		5.0	(0.1)		3.7	(0.1)		29.4	(0.1)	†	0.7	(0.0)
Uruguay	2.6	(0.0)	†	2.8	(0.0)	†	2.8	(0.1)	†	2.2	(0.1)	†	23.2	(0.3)	‡	0.4	(0.1)	†
Viet Nam	3.1	(0.0)		3.3	(0.0)		5.4	(0.0)		2.7	(0.0)		22.4	(0.1)		0.4	(0.0)

1. Total learning time includes all school subjects.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.6.19 [1/6]. Schools providing study help

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools where the following study help is provided:
		Room(s) where students can do their homework
		All students			Socio-economically disadvantaged schools1			Socio-economically advantaged schools			Difference between advantaged and disadvantaged schools
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	86.6	(1.4)		83.8	(2.9)		89.2	(2.7)		5.4	(3.8)
	Austria	76.4	(3.1)		73.1	(6.0)		72.2	(6.2)		-0.9	(9.1)
	Belgium	83.6	(1.9)		75.7	(4.3)		91.0	(3.6)		15.3	(6.0)
	Canada	91.0	(1.4)		91.5	(2.4)		94.4	(2.9)		2.9	(3.4)
	Chile	75.3	(3.6)		71.8	(7.6)		77.3	(5.4)		5.6	(9.2)
	Colombia	45.0	(3.6)		39.1	(7.1)		65.8	(6.7)		26.7	(9.4)
	Czech Republic	56.8	(2.7)		38.5	(5.5)		78.5	(4.3)		40.1	(7.6)
	Denmark	79.0	(3.1)	†	80.9	(5.3)		76.1	(6.5)		-4.8	(8.7)
	Estonia	67.8	(1.8)		80.5	(4.4)		63.7	(4.0)		-16.8	(6.0)
	Finland	64.0	(3.6)		56.2	(7.0)		72.3	(6.9)		16.1	(9.4)
	France	91.5	(2.1)		90.8	(3.8)		91.7	(4.0)		0.9	(5.6)
	Germany	71.6	(3.2)		68.5	(6.4)		82.4	(5.5)		13.9	(8.6)
	Greece	41.4	(3.7)		35.4	(7.5)		54.9	(7.1)		19.5	(10.1)
	Hungary	68.3	(3.5)		75.4	(5.8)		74.1	(6.6)		-1.2	(8.9)
	Iceland	86.1	(0.2)		80.5	(0.5)		88.3	(0.3)		7.8	(0.7)
	Ireland	88.1	(2.7)		89.5	(4.5)		80.8	(6.5)		-8.7	(7.8)
	Israel	48.2	(4.2)		46.3	(9.4)		55.6	(6.5)		9.3	(11.3)
	Italy	46.1	(3.4)		35.5	(6.4)		49.5	(6.8)		14.0	(9.7)
	Japan	91.7	(1.7)		88.0	(4.7)		95.6	(3.1)		7.6	(5.6)
	Korea	86.3	(2.3)		82.7	(6.1)		80.4	(6.1)		-2.3	(9.0)
	Latvia	67.3	(1.6)		80.1	(3.6)		61.4	(2.8)		-18.7	(4.1)
	Lithuania	84.0	(1.4)		79.7	(3.8)		82.6	(2.0)		3.0	(4.3)
	Luxembourg	97.8	(0.0)		100.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c
	Mexico	65.1	(3.3)		61.9	(6.1)		76.3	(6.0)		14.4	(8.0)
	Netherlands	84.0	(2.9)		70.1	(6.6)		87.0	(6.2)		16.9	(9.1)
	New Zealand	89.5	(2.4)		84.0	(5.6)		93.3	(3.8)		9.3	(6.6)
	Norway	75.3	(2.7)		78.6	(4.7)		80.4	(5.3)		1.8	(7.3)
	Poland	78.3	(2.4)		85.2	(4.9)		70.7	(6.1)		-14.5	(7.8)
	Portugal	83.2	(2.4)		79.2	(5.9)		84.4	(5.0)		5.2	(7.7)
	Slovak Republic	41.6	(3.0)		36.0	(6.0)		42.6	(6.7)		6.6	(9.2)
	Slovenia	90.2	(0.3)		85.9	(0.8)		94.7	(0.2)		8.8	(0.9)
	Spain	71.3	(2.0)		77.3	(3.7)		79.2	(2.9)		1.9	(4.6)
	Sweden	97.7	(1.0)		96.0	(2.7)		99.5	(0.4)		3.5	(2.7)
	Switzerland	83.8	(2.8)		78.6	(6.3)		98.5	(0.2)		19.9	(6.3)
	Turkey	68.9	(3.0)		55.1	(6.8)		83.7	(6.1)		28.6	(10.2)
	United Kingdom	95.5	(1.4)		98.7	(0.6)		96.8	(2.1)		-1.9	(2.2)
	United States	80.9	(3.0)		74.2	(6.9)		87.4	(5.4)		13.2	(8.8)
	OECD average	75.7	(0.4)		73.1	(0.9)		79.8	(0.8)		6.7	(1.2)

1. A socio-economically disadvantaged (advantaged) school is a school in the bottom (top) quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in the relevant country/economy.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.6.19 [2/6]. Schools providing study help

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools where the following study help is provided:
		Room(s) where students can do their homework
		All students			Socio-economically disadvantaged schools1			Socio-economically advantaged schools			Difference between advantaged and disadvantaged schools
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	27.0	(2.2)		15.3	(3.7)		35.5	(4.9)		20.2	(6.3)
	Argentina	35.5	(3.2)		39.0	(6.1)		44.1	(6.1)		5.1	(7.8)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	58.5	(4.4)	‡	51.8	(7.8)	‡	77.2	(7.6)	†	25.4	(10.7)	‡
	Belarus	71.1	(3.0)		81.1	(5.4)		72.9	(5.8)		-8.2	(8.1)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	46.0	(3.2)		36.1	(7.6)		55.2	(5.2)		19.1	(9.5)
	Brazil	49.9	(2.3)		36.8	(4.4)		73.6	(4.1)		36.7	(5.9)
	Brunei Darussalam	72.0	(0.1)		67.8	(0.2)		65.2	(0.2)		-2.6	(0.3)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	50.8	(3.8)		35.6	(7.5)		62.4	(5.8)		26.8	(8.7)
	Bulgaria	47.4	(3.9)		57.2	(7.1)		37.4	(7.4)		-19.8	(10.4)
	Costa Rica	56.5	(3.9)		58.9	(7.7)		54.3	(8.5)		-4.7	(10.7)
	Croatia	69.3	(3.4)		72.1	(6.3)		70.0	(6.2)		-2.1	(9.1)
	Cyprus	40.5	(0.5)		33.8	(2.0)		44.0	(0.3)		10.1	(2.0)
	Dominican Republic	48.1	(3.7)		37.8	(6.1)		62.4	(8.5)		24.6	(10.5)
	Georgia	47.8	(2.6)		43.8	(4.3)		64.5	(6.0)		20.7	(8.5)
	Hong Kong (China)	88.4	(2.8)		87.9	(6.0)		93.6	(1.3)		5.7	(6.2)
	Indonesia	42.1	(4.3)		23.1	(6.7)		56.6	(9.8)		33.5	(11.6)
	Jordan	11.1	(2.4)		11.4	(5.1)		18.2	(5.8)		6.7	(7.7)
	Kazakhstan	48.1	(2.2)		50.8	(4.5)		40.5	(4.8)		-10.3	(7.0)
	Kosovo	25.3	(1.5)		19.1	(3.8)		36.0	(2.2)		16.9	(4.4)
	Lebanon	36.9	(3.2)		34.9	(5.2)		46.3	(6.8)		11.4	(9.1)
	Macao (China)	91.6	(0.0)		92.5	(0.1)		90.2	(0.1)		-2.3	(0.1)
	Malaysia	59.6	(3.6)		63.2	(7.6)		66.0	(7.5)		2.7	(11.4)
	Malta	42.4	(0.1)		37.5	(0.3)		45.6	(0.3)		8.0	(0.4)
	Moldova	68.0	(3.2)		70.4	(6.3)		61.2	(6.8)		-9.3	(8.7)
	Montenegro	48.2	(0.4)		47.9	(1.4)		38.7	(0.5)		-9.2	(1.5)
	Morocco	67.5	(3.6)		64.7	(6.3)		78.9	(5.5)		14.2	(8.7)
	North Macedonia	41.4	(0.1)		23.6	(0.2)		63.3	(0.2)		39.7	(0.3)
	Panama	56.2	(2.6)		37.7	(6.4)		58.5	(7.3)	†	20.7	(9.9)	†
	Peru	69.6	(2.8)		79.8	(4.5)		66.5	(5.9)		-13.3	(7.9)
	Philippines	74.4	(3.2)		75.4	(6.6)		76.4	(7.1)		1.1	(10.0)
	Qatar	43.6	(0.1)		20.9	(0.2)		77.1	(0.2)		56.2	(0.3)
	Romania	61.0	(4.1)		65.9	(6.3)		58.5	(8.3)		-7.4	(10.1)
	Russia	46.8	(3.9)		35.0	(4.0)		49.3	(7.4)		14.2	(6.9)
	Saudi Arabia	61.6	(3.9)		61.2	(8.0)		63.5	(7.3)		2.4	(10.7)
	Serbia	52.4	(4.1)		51.1	(7.9)		54.0	(8.8)		2.9	(11.8)
	Singapore	95.8	(1.2)		95.6	(0.1)		91.9	(4.3)		-3.7	(4.3)
	Chinese Taipei	91.0	(2.2)		88.1	(4.9)		97.4	(2.6)		9.3	(5.5)
	Thailand	78.7	(3.3)		72.1	(7.0)		76.6	(6.8)		4.5	(9.4)
	Ukraine	49.1	(2.9)		62.3	(6.1)		31.1	(6.7)		-31.2	(9.2)
United Arab Emirates	38.5	(1.5)		26.7	(1.1)		62.2	(3.6)		35.5	(3.6)
Uruguay	78.0	(2.9)		60.2	(6.2)		92.7	(4.4)		32.5	(7.9)
Viet Nam	39.6	(4.1)		32.6	(7.9)		51.7	(9.4)		19.1	(12.2)

1. A socio-economically disadvantaged (advantaged) school is a school in the bottom (top) quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in the relevant country/economy.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.6.19 [3/6]. Schools providing study help

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools where the following study help is provided:
		Staff provides help with homework
		All students			Socio-economically disadvantaged schools			Socio-economically advantaged schools			Difference between advantaged and disadvantaged schools
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	92.6	(1.2)		94.6	(1.4)		86.3	(3.6)		-8.3	(3.8)
	Austria	28.8	(2.9)		34.5	(5.6)		21.8	(6.7)		-12.6	(9.3)
	Belgium	57.4	(2.8)		57.7	(5.8)		60.0	(5.8)		2.2	(8.0)
	Canada	89.7	(1.2)		94.2	(1.5)		86.3	(2.9)		-7.9	(3.3)
	Chile	39.1	(3.8)		57.8	(8.2)		17.3	(5.5)		-40.5	(9.7)
	Colombia	19.2	(2.8)		13.6	(6.9)		37.6	(6.8)		24.0	(9.8)
	Czech Republic	56.2	(3.1)		60.3	(5.4)		47.0	(5.4)		-13.4	(7.7)
	Denmark	81.8	(3.2)		79.5	(5.9)		81.2	(6.4)		1.7	(8.6)
	Estonia	56.5	(2.0)		68.2	(5.1)		40.5	(3.1)		-27.7	(5.9)
	Finland	78.3	(3.0)		77.0	(5.7)		87.9	(4.6)		10.9	(7.8)
	France	69.9	(3.1)		91.5	(3.3)		56.1	(7.7)		-35.5	(8.5)
	Germany	50.6	(3.7)		53.1	(6.8)		41.0	(7.9)		-12.1	(10.7)
	Greece	44.3	(3.5)		47.2	(7.2)		46.7	(6.9)		-0.5	(10.1)
	Hungary	66.0	(3.4)		79.7	(4.8)		51.5	(7.4)		-28.2	(8.8)
	Iceland	79.5	(0.2)		85.4	(0.4)		67.1	(0.4)		-18.3	(0.6)
	Ireland	55.9	(4.3)		70.7	(7.3)		53.3	(9.3)		-17.5	(11.8)
	Israel	66.2	(3.5)		73.3	(7.1)		57.0	(8.1)		-16.2	(10.7)
	Italy	38.5	(2.9)		38.7	(7.4)		36.3	(5.5)		-2.4	(9.4)
	Japan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Korea	34.8	(3.9)		30.9	(7.3)		40.3	(7.1)		9.4	(10.0)
	Latvia	71.9	(1.6)		80.8	(3.7)		59.2	(2.8)		-21.6	(4.7)
	Lithuania	82.6	(1.5)		88.4	(3.1)		79.6	(2.4)		-8.7	(3.8)
	Luxembourg	81.6	(0.1)		87.2	(0.2)		80.8	(0.2)		-6.3	(0.2)
	Mexico	41.0	(3.2)		37.4	(6.2)		52.6	(5.3)		15.3	(8.1)
	Netherlands	62.7	(4.0)		63.6	(6.3)		54.4	(9.0)		-9.3	(11.1)
	New Zealand	87.2	(2.1)		87.0	(5.1)		89.3	(2.6)		2.3	(5.7)
	Norway	54.3	(2.6)		62.4	(5.6)		60.3	(6.5)		-2.1	(9.4)
	Poland	73.4	(2.6)		76.1	(5.5)		73.8	(6.4)		-2.4	(9.2)
	Portugal	64.4	(2.9)		60.7	(7.1)		64.6	(6.9)		3.9	(10.4)
	Slovak Republic	47.7	(2.8)		45.0	(5.5)		45.5	(6.4)		0.6	(8.7)
	Slovenia	50.5	(0.5)		54.1	(1.4)		58.0	(0.6)		3.8	(1.5)
	Spain	42.9	(2.3)		51.8	(5.3)		46.1	(4.3)		-5.6	(6.8)
	Sweden	93.3	(1.3)		96.5	(2.4)		91.1	(3.7)		-5.4	(4.5)
	Switzerland	56.7	(3.7)		56.4	(7.4)		39.6	(7.9)		-16.7	(11.6)
	Turkey	36.9	(3.7)		30.7	(6.8)		51.4	(7.5)		20.7	(9.9)
	United Kingdom	92.6	(1.7)		88.4	(4.8)		89.0	(4.7)		0.6	(7.1)
	United States	92.4	(2.3)		88.3	(6.4)		97.0	(3.3)		8.7	(7.2)
OECD average	62.2	(0.5)		65.6	(0.9)		59.7	(1.0)		-6.0	(1.4)

1. A socio-economically disadvantaged (advantaged) school is a school in the bottom (top) quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in the relevant country/economy.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.6.19 [4/6]. Schools providing study help

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools where the following study help is provided:
		Staff provides help with homework
		All students			Socio-economically disadvantaged schools			Socio-economically advantaged schools			Difference between advantaged and disadvantaged schools
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	55.3	(3.2)		49.7	(6.2)		51.1	(6.3)		1.5	(9.1)
	Argentina	51.9	(3.4)		55.4	(6.6)		54.2	(6.5)		-1.2	(8.5)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	82.1	(3.6)	†	72.0	(7.7)	‡	85.3	(6.6)	†	13.3	(10.0)	‡
	Belarus	90.7	(2.2)		92.7	(3.7)		88.3	(5.4)		-4.4	(6.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	32.7	(3.0)		36.4	(5.5)		34.1	(5.8)		-2.3	(8.3)
	Brazil	12.4	(1.3)		5.6	(1.9)		25.9	(4.1)		20.3	(4.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	64.8	(0.1)		69.7	(0.2)		73.7	(0.1)		4.0	(0.2)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	67.3	(3.1)		73.0	(6.0)		71.1	(5.4)		-1.9	(8.4)
	Bulgaria	35.5	(3.4)		45.1	(6.6)		27.3	(7.7)		-17.8	(10.4)
	Costa Rica	32.8	(3.4)		35.3	(6.2)		29.7	(7.0)		-5.5	(9.0)
	Croatia	19.7	(2.7)		25.1	(5.7)		17.8	(4.2)		-7.3	(7.1)
	Cyprus	39.2	(0.4)		58.5	(1.6)		32.2	(0.2)		-26.3	(1.7)
	Dominican Republic	34.0	(3.4)		30.3	(6.6)		39.0	(8.2)		8.7	(10.3)
	Georgia	65.5	(2.9)		73.6	(4.4)		68.4	(5.1)		-5.2	(6.4)
	Hong Kong (China)	83.1	(3.4)		86.4	(6.0)		71.8	(8.7)		-14.6	(10.5)
	Indonesia	40.8	(4.2)		36.0	(8.3)		44.0	(9.8)		8.0	(12.6)
	Jordan	31.3	(3.5)		35.3	(7.2)		24.5	(6.0)		-10.9	(9.4)
	Kazakhstan	91.4	(1.3)		94.0	(2.0)		89.7	(3.2)		-4.3	(4.0)
	Kosovo	44.7	(1.8)		36.3	(4.2)		58.1	(3.1)		21.7	(5.3)
	Lebanon	34.3	(2.7)		31.0	(5.9)		44.7	(6.6)		13.8	(9.9)
	Macao (China)	61.6	(0.0)		47.8	(0.4)		83.2	(0.1)		35.4	(0.4)
	Malaysia	26.7	(3.5)		27.7	(7.0)		31.0	(7.9)		3.3	(10.7)
	Malta	50.9	(0.1)		69.0	(0.5)		38.3	(0.3)		-30.7	(0.5)
	Moldova	79.4	(2.8)		73.2	(5.8)		78.5	(6.3)		5.3	(8.8)
	Montenegro	20.9	(0.2)		32.6	(0.8)		1.1	(0.1)		-31.5	(0.8)
	Morocco	45.2	(4.0)		52.7	(7.1)		35.4	(7.2)		-17.3	(10.1)
	North Macedonia	41.8	(0.1)		36.9	(0.2)		41.9	(0.3)		5.0	(0.4)
	Panama	37.1	(2.7)		36.4	(6.6)		47.0	(7.0)	†	10.6	(9.5)	†
	Peru	34.4	(3.0)		36.8	(5.8)		53.0	(6.6)		16.3	(8.8)
	Philippines	54.5	(3.7)		49.8	(8.0)		47.9	(6.7)		-1.9	(10.5)
	Qatar	76.5	(0.1)		63.0	(0.2)		86.2	(0.2)		23.2	(0.3)
	Romania	54.6	(4.5)		59.0	(7.3)		45.6	(9.8)		-13.3	(12.4)
	Russia	63.2	(2.9)		66.8	(4.7)		55.6	(7.1)		-11.2	(8.8)
	Saudi Arabia	57.5	(3.4)		65.7	(5.4)		54.3	(6.3)		-11.5	(8.6)
	Serbia	49.9	(4.1)		53.9	(7.3)		49.7	(8.3)		-4.3	(11.1)
	Singapore	88.8	(0.8)		90.1	(0.1)		78.6	(4.1)		-11.6	(4.1)
	Chinese Taipei	53.8	(3.6)		61.8	(7.2)		45.8	(7.3)		-16.0	(10.5)
	Thailand	66.0	(3.5)		66.4	(5.8)		71.6	(6.3)		5.2	(9.2)
	Ukraine	54.8	(3.5)		61.2	(6.7)		47.6	(8.3)		-13.6	(10.3)
United Arab Emirates	61.5	(1.8)		64.0	(1.5)		69.9	(4.1)		5.9	(4.3)
Uruguay	63.8	(3.7)		61.4	(6.2)		58.1	(7.5)		-3.3	(9.4)
Viet Nam	55.5	(4.6)		61.7	(9.5)		45.9	(9.0)		-15.8	(12.7)

1. A socio-economically disadvantaged (advantaged) school is a school in the bottom (top) quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in the relevant country/economy.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.6.19 [5/6]. Schools providing study help

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools where the following study help is provided:
		Peer-to-peer tutoring
		All students			Socio-economically disadvantaged schools			Socio-economically advantaged schools			Difference between advantaged and disadvantaged schools
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	40.6	(1.8)		36.0	(3.8)		52.2	(3.7)		16.1	(5.8)
	Austria	41.7	(3.6)		30.4	(5.9)		43.4	(7.4)		13.0	(9.6)
	Belgium	30.3	(3.2)		24.3	(5.2)		32.8	(6.2)		8.5	(8.4)
	Canada	73.0	(2.4)		68.9	(3.8)		81.4	(3.6)		12.5	(5.3)
	Chile	42.5	(3.8)		23.2	(6.9)		50.0	(5.7)		26.8	(9.2)
	Colombia	51.9	(3.6)		30.8	(7.3)		77.8	(5.5)		47.0	(8.5)
	Czech Republic	41.8	(2.7)		37.9	(5.6)		48.3	(5.4)		10.4	(7.5)
	Denmark	26.4	(3.4)	†	31.5	(5.8)	†	27.7	(7.4)		-3.7	(8.9)	†
	Estonia	51.5	(2.3)		55.8	(5.7)		55.1	(3.7)		-0.7	(6.8)
	Finland	25.0	(3.1)		16.5	(5.6)		30.4	(6.5)		14.0	(9.2)
	France	51.1	(3.4)		36.9	(5.5)		66.2	(6.8)		29.2	(8.4)
	Germany	33.7	(3.0)		11.0	(4.9)		49.2	(7.2)		38.2	(8.8)
	Greece	44.6	(3.4)		38.2	(5.9)		51.7	(7.1)		13.5	(8.8)
	Hungary	47.2	(3.6)		35.0	(6.2)		65.7	(7.2)		30.7	(9.5)
	Iceland	36.9	(0.3)		26.2	(0.5)		47.4	(0.4)		21.2	(0.6)
	Ireland	30.9	(4.0)		34.2	(7.9)		37.2	(8.6)		3.0	(11.8)
	Israel	60.9	(4.0)		59.9	(7.0)		55.5	(7.5)		-4.5	(10.3)
	Italy	65.4	(3.2)		59.2	(7.2)		76.0	(6.0)		16.8	(9.6)
	Japan	21.6	(3.3)		20.6	(6.2)		22.6	(6.7)		2.0	(8.6)
	Korea	71.6	(3.3)		50.9	(9.1)		72.8	(6.7)		22.0	(11.4)
	Latvia	51.0	(1.9)		65.2	(4.6)		30.3	(2.9)		-34.9	(5.1)
	Lithuania	64.2	(1.7)		69.3	(4.1)		62.5	(2.1)		-6.9	(4.7)
	Luxembourg	37.4	(0.1)		36.0	(0.2)		48.6	(0.3)		12.6	(0.4)
	Mexico	75.0	(3.0)		71.6	(6.8)		76.2	(5.2)		4.6	(8.6)
	Netherlands	43.4	(3.9)		24.5	(7.3)		54.4	(8.9)		29.9	(11.5)
	New Zealand	78.9	(2.5)		59.6	(5.6)		93.1	(3.6)		33.6	(6.4)
	Norway	38.5	(3.5)		42.4	(6.5)		44.0	(6.2)		1.6	(9.4)
	Poland	87.1	(2.2)		92.7	(3.6)		86.5	(4.8)		-6.2	(6.0)
	Portugal	37.9	(3.2)		42.9	(6.0)		27.8	(7.1)		-15.1	(9.8)
	Slovak Republic	43.6	(3.0)		35.1	(5.7)		49.7	(6.6)		14.6	(8.8)
	Slovenia	54.0	(0.6)		48.8	(2.5)		70.6	(0.6)		21.8	(2.6)
	Spain	39.5	(2.2)		31.4	(4.3)		49.1	(4.9)		17.7	(6.7)
	Sweden	21.2	(4.1)		27.3	(7.6)		28.8	(7.3)		1.5	(8.8)
	Switzerland	21.9	(3.1)		13.0	(5.0)		41.8	(7.5)		28.8	(9.4)
	Turkey	53.1	(4.0)		60.3	(7.0)		60.7	(9.0)		0.3	(11.7)
	United Kingdom	60.8	(4.5)		49.9	(7.7)	†	69.7	(7.5)		19.8	(10.4)	†
	United States	74.2	(4.0)		58.6	(9.4)		89.3	(5.2)		30.7	(9.6)
	OECD average	47.9	(0.5)		42.1	(1.0)		54.8	(1.0)		12.7	(1.4)

1. A socio-economically disadvantaged (advantaged) school is a school in the bottom (top) quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in the relevant country/economy.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.6.19 [6/6]. Schools providing study help

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools where the following study help is provided:
		Peer-to-peer tutoring
		All students			Socio-economically disadvantaged schools			Socio-economically advantaged schools			Difference between advantaged and disadvantaged schools
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	79.0	(2.4)		81.1	(4.7)		85.4	(4.8)		4.3	(6.6)
	Argentina	78.3	(2.7)		81.7	(4.8)		89.3	(2.7)		7.6	(5.8)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	75.5	(3.9)	‡	69.0	(7.6)	‡	82.6	(7.3)	†	13.6	(10.7)	‡
	Belarus	86.3	(2.6)		84.0	(5.3)		91.0	(4.5)		6.9	(7.0)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	64.7	(3.0)		59.8	(7.3)		72.2	(6.3)		12.4	(10.0)
	Brazil	35.3	(2.0)		32.9	(3.8)		49.6	(4.6)		16.7	(6.2)
	Brunei Darussalam	74.0	(0.1)		86.2	(0.2)		78.3	(0.1)		-7.9	(0.2)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	89.9	(2.4)		87.3	(5.9)		92.8	(3.5)		5.4	(7.1)
	Bulgaria	52.6	(3.7)		63.2	(7.1)		42.2	(8.2)		-21.0	(10.2)
	Costa Rica	50.4	(4.2)		48.5	(7.7)		62.2	(7.8)		13.7	(11.0)
	Croatia	48.2	(3.7)		56.6	(6.8)		57.6	(8.1)		1.0	(10.4)
	Cyprus	12.0	(0.4)		8.5	(0.3)		17.6	(0.2)		9.1	(0.3)
	Dominican Republic	64.6	(3.2)		60.0	(7.2)		72.7	(6.6)		12.7	(10.3)
	Georgia	80.3	(2.7)		84.6	(3.4)		83.8	(5.6)		-0.8	(5.9)
	Hong Kong (China)	73.6	(4.5)		68.9	(9.6)		66.6	(10.2)	†	-2.4	(13.9)	†
	Indonesia	79.2	(3.8)		67.6	(8.8)		92.0	(4.3)		24.5	(9.7)
	Jordan	64.5	(3.7)		64.9	(6.9)		62.5	(6.9)		-2.4	(9.3)
	Kazakhstan	88.4	(1.7)		90.7	(2.7)		91.3	(2.7)		0.7	(3.9)
	Kosovo	79.3	(1.3)		68.4	(3.5)		92.5	(2.0)		24.1	(4.3)
	Lebanon	42.2	(3.0)		33.1	(6.0)		64.2	(6.6)		31.0	(9.0)
	Macao (China)	85.7	(0.0)		99.4	(0.0)		63.7	(0.2)		-35.8	(0.2)
	Malaysia	90.8	(1.9)		95.5	(3.0)		83.6	(5.8)		-11.9	(6.3)
	Malta	19.5	(0.1)		32.0	(0.4)		22.0	(0.3)		-9.9	(0.5)
	Moldova	81.2	(2.6)		75.6	(5.8)		78.3	(6.4)		2.8	(8.8)
	Montenegro	61.0	(0.6)		85.5	(1.3)		21.7	(0.7)		-63.8	(1.5)
	Morocco	83.9	(2.6)		86.2	(4.9)		90.3	(4.6)		4.1	(6.8)
	North Macedonia	40.9	(0.1)		40.9	(0.2)		52.5	(0.3)		11.6	(0.4)
	Panama	37.9	(2.8)		35.9	(6.7)		55.7	(6.7)	†	19.8	(9.5)	†
	Peru	55.5	(3.1)		67.5	(5.4)		57.7	(6.2)		-9.8	(8.2)
	Philippines	89.7	(2.2)		83.8	(6.0)		85.6	(5.6)		1.8	(8.1)
	Qatar	77.6	(0.1)		73.7	(0.2)		63.9	(0.2)		-9.8	(0.3)
	Romania	44.9	(4.1)		38.0	(7.4)		56.4	(9.3)		18.4	(11.7)
	Russia	71.1	(3.1)		57.0	(7.0)		72.5	(6.0)		15.5	(9.4)
	Saudi Arabia	86.1	(2.3)		86.7	(5.0)		86.3	(4.9)		-0.4	(7.0)
	Serbia	69.6	(3.4)		70.1	(6.3)		74.1	(6.9)		4.0	(9.4)
	Singapore	57.9	(1.3)		64.6	(0.2)		59.0	(4.6)		-5.5	(4.6)
	Chinese Taipei	81.5	(3.0)		76.0	(6.3)		78.9	(6.9)		2.9	(9.3)
	Thailand	95.2	(1.6)		95.6	(2.9)		93.9	(3.7)		-1.7	(4.8)
Ukraine	91.2	(2.3)		93.3	(2.9)		92.5	(5.1)		-0.8	(5.7)
United Arab Emirates	57.6	(1.5)		41.3	(1.6)		70.3	(4.1)		28.9	(4.6)
Uruguay	36.1	(3.5)		31.3	(7.1)		35.7	(9.2)		4.4	(11.5)
Viet Nam	62.6	(4.3)		71.1	(7.9)		64.0	(9.5)		-7.1	(11.9)

1. A socio-economically disadvantaged (advantaged) school is a school in the bottom (top) quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in the relevant country/economy.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [1/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		PISA 2000
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Austria	87.3	(2.7)		12.7	(2.7)		5.8	(1.9)		6.8	(2.1)
	Belgium	26.2	(2.5)		73.8	(2.5)		58.1	(3.4)		15.7	(2.5)
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	54.5	(1.5)		45.5	(1.5)		31.4	(2.3)		14.1	(1.7)
	Colombia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Czech Republic	94.0	(1.6)		6.0	(1.6)		4.2	(1.3)		1.8	(0.9)
	Denmark	75.3	(2.3)		24.7	(2.3)		24.0	(2.2)		0.7	(0.5)
	Estonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Finland	97.2	(1.3)		2.8	(1.3)		2.8	(1.3)		0.0	c
	France	78.4	(3.4)		21.6	(3.4)		13.9	(2.7)		7.7	(2.3)
	Germany	95.6	(1.4)		4.4	(1.4)		4.0	(1.3)		0.4	(0.4)
	Greece	92.8	(1.5)		7.2	(1.5)		0.0	c		7.2	(1.5)
	Hungary	94.7	(1.8)		5.3	(1.8)		4.4	(1.6)		1.0	(0.7)
	Iceland	99.2	(0.0)		0.8	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.8	(0.0)
	Ireland	39.1	(2.0)		60.9	(2.0)		57.2	(2.5)		3.7	(1.6)
	Israel	77.7	(4.5)		22.3	(4.5)		15.0	(4.1)		7.4	(2.2)
	Italy	94.2	(1.4)		5.8	(1.4)		0.0	c		5.8	(1.4)
	Japan	69.8	(0.9)		30.2	(0.9)		1.5	(0.9)		28.7	(1.2)
	Korea	47.7	(4.3)		52.3	(4.3)		0.0	c		52.3	(4.3)
	Latvia	99.3	(0.7)		0.7	(0.7)		0.7	(0.7)		0.0	c
	Lithuania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Luxembourg	87.9	(0.0)		12.1	(0.0)		12.1	(0.0)		0.0	c
	Mexico	84.6	(2.9)		15.4	(2.9)		0.0	c		15.4	(2.9)
	Netherlands	26.5	(4.9)		73.5	(4.9)		58.8	(5.1)		14.6	(4.4)
	New Zealand	95.4	(0.5)		4.6	(0.5)		0.1	(0.1)		4.5	(0.5)
	Norway	98.6	(0.9)		1.4	(0.9)		1.0	(0.7)		0.5	(0.5)
	Poland	97.1	(1.3)		2.9	(1.3)		0.0	c		2.9	(1.3)
	Portugal	92.7	(0.8)		7.3	(0.8)		5.8	(0.9)		1.4	(0.7)
	Slovak Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Slovenia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Spain	60.7	(1.7)		39.3	(1.7)		27.5	(3.2)		11.8	(2.4)
	Sweden	96.6	(0.7)		3.4	(0.7)		1.2	(0.0)		2.2	(0.7)
	Switzerland	93.6	(1.7)		6.4	(1.7)		1.8	(0.8)		4.6	(1.5)
	Turkey	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Kingdom	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United States	93.4	(2.7)		6.6	(2.7)		0.0	c		6.6	(2.7)
	OECD average-28	82.8	(0.4)		17.2	(0.4)		9.7	(0.3)		7.6	(0.3)
	OECD average-30	82.8	(0.4)		17.2	(0.4)		9.7	(0.3)		7.6	(0.3)
	OECD average-37	81.0	(0.4)		19.0	(0.4)		11.5	(0.3)		7.5	(0.3)

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [2/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		PISA 2000
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	96.2	(0.7)		3.8	(0.7)		0.0	c		3.8	(0.7)
	Argentina	61.6	(7.5)		38.4	(7.5)		20.6	(8.3)		17.9	(5.1)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	86.9	(1.6)		13.1	(1.6)		0.0	c		13.1	(1.6)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	99.4	(0.6)		0.6	(0.6)		0.0	c		0.6	(0.6)
	Costa Rica	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Croatia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Cyprus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Hong Kong (China)	95.1	(1.0)		4.9	(1.0)		4.4	(0.7)		0.5	(0.4)
	Indonesia	53.6	(5.4)		46.4	(5.4)		0.2	(0.1)		46.3	(5.4)
	Jordan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kazakhstan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Moldova	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Montenegro	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	99.6	(0.0)		0.4	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.4	(0.0)
	Panama	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Peru	85.0	(1.5)		15.0	(1.5)		0.0	c		15.0	(1.5)
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Romania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Russia	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Thailand	80.7	(2.2)		19.3	(2.2)		1.8	(1.0)		17.5	(2.7)
Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
United Arab Emirates	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
Uruguay	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [3/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		PISA 2003
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Austria	92.0	(1.9)		8.0	(1.9)		8.0	(1.9)		0.0	c
	Belgium	31.1	(1.0)		68.9	(1.0)		68.1	(1.2)		0.9	(0.5)
	Canada	93.2	(0.9)		6.8	(0.9)		5.0	(1.0)		1.8	(0.3)
	Chile	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Colombia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Czech Republic	93.3	(1.7)		6.7	(1.7)		5.8	(1.6)		0.9	(0.5)
	Denmark	78.3	(2.5)		21.7	(2.5)		21.3	(2.5)		0.5	(0.5)
	Estonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Finland	93.4	(1.6)		6.6	(1.6)		6.6	(1.6)		0.0	c
	France	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Germany	92.3	(1.7)		7.7	(1.7)		7.3	(1.8)		0.4	(0.4)
	Greece	95.9	(2.0)		4.1	(2.0)		1.5	(1.3)		2.6	(1.9)
	Hungary	88.5	(2.5)		11.5	(2.5)		10.3	(2.4)		1.2	(0.8)
	Iceland	99.5	(0.1)		0.5	(0.1)		0.0	c		0.5	(0.1)
	Ireland	39.0	(0.5)		61.0	(0.5)		60.3	(0.9)		0.7	(0.8)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	95.3	(1.2)		4.7	(1.2)		1.3	(0.6)		3.4	(1.3)
	Japan	72.7	(1.5)		27.3	(1.5)		1.2	(0.8)		26.1	(1.8)
	Korea	44.1	(3.6)		55.9	(3.6)		35.2	(3.9)		20.7	(3.2)
	Latvia	99.0	(0.7)		1.0	(0.7)		0.0	c		1.0	(0.7)
	Lithuania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Luxembourg	85.9	(0.1)		14.1	(0.1)		14.1	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Mexico	84.5	(2.4)		15.5	(2.4)		3.9	(1.9)		11.6	(1.7)
	Netherlands	22.9	(4.1)		77.1	(4.1)		77.1	(4.1)		0.0	c
	New Zealand	95.3	(0.2)		4.7	(0.2)		0.4	(0.4)		4.3	(0.5)
	Norway	99.1	(0.7)		0.9	(0.7)		0.9	(0.7)		0.0	c
	Poland	99.3	(0.4)		0.7	(0.4)		0.4	(0.4)		0.4	(0.3)
	Portugal	93.8	(1.3)		6.2	(1.3)		4.2	(1.2)		2.0	(1.2)
	Slovak Republic	87.6	(2.7)		12.4	(2.7)		12.4	(2.7)		0.0	c
	Slovenia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Spain	62.1	(1.5)		37.9	(1.5)		30.4	(2.1)		7.4	(1.7)
	Sweden	95.6	(0.6)		4.4	(0.6)		4.4	(0.6)		0.0	c
	Switzerland	94.4	(1.4)		5.6	(1.4)		1.9	(1.1)		3.8	(0.7)
	Turkey	96.6	(1.5)		3.4	(1.5)		2.4	(1.6)		1.0	(1.0)
	United Kingdom	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United States	94.0	(1.0)		6.0	(1.0)		0.7	(0.4)		5.3	(0.9)
	OECD average-28	85.5	(0.3)		14.5	(0.3)		10.8	(0.3)		3.7	(0.2)
	OECD average-30	85.5	(0.3)		14.5	(0.3)		10.8	(0.3)		3.7	(0.2)
	OECD average-37	83.4	(0.3)		16.6	(0.3)		13.3	(0.3)		3.3	(0.2)

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [4/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		PISA 2003
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Argentina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	84.6	(2.0)		15.4	(2.0)		4.3	(1.6)		11.1	(2.1)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Costa Rica	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Croatia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Cyprus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Hong Kong (China)	9.5	(0.4)		90.5	(0.4)		89.5	(0.9)		1.0	(0.7)
	Indonesia	53.8	(2.4)		46.2	(2.4)		4.4	(1.5)		41.8	(2.6)
	Jordan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kazakhstan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	4.8	(0.1)		95.2	(0.1)		51.5	(0.2)		43.8	(0.2)
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Moldova	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Montenegro	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Peru	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Romania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Russia	99.8	(0.2)		0.2	(0.2)		0.0	c		0.2	(0.2)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Thailand	88.0	(1.2)		12.0	(1.2)		6.0	(1.1)		6.0	(1.6)
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Uruguay	85.9	(0.8)		14.1	(0.8)		0.0	c		14.1	(0.8)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [5/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		PISA 2006
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Austria	90.7	(2.2)		9.3	(2.2)		9.3	(2.2)		0.0	c
	Belgium	31.3	(1.3)		68.7	(1.3)		66.4	(1.5)		2.3	(0.9)
	Canada	92.7	(0.6)		7.3	(0.6)		4.6	(0.4)		2.7	(0.7)
	Chile	43.4	(2.4)		56.6	(2.4)		49.1	(2.9)		7.5	(1.9)
	Colombia	80.7	(2.6)		19.3	(2.6)		7.3	(2.4)		12.0	(2.1)
	Czech Republic	93.4	(2.7)		6.6	(2.7)		6.4	(2.7)		0.2	(0.2)
	Denmark	76.0	(3.1)		24.0	(3.1)		22.9	(3.1)		1.1	(0.8)
	Estonia	98.1	(0.9)		1.9	(0.9)		1.4	(0.8)		0.6	(0.4)
	Finland	97.0	(1.2)		3.0	(1.2)		3.0	(1.2)		0.0	c
	France	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Germany	94.3	(1.8)		5.7	(1.8)		5.5	(1.8)		0.2	(0.2)
	Greece	94.8	(1.2)		5.2	(1.2)		0.1	(0.1)		5.1	(1.2)
	Hungary	83.7	(3.3)		16.3	(3.3)		13.6	(3.0)		2.7	(1.6)
	Iceland	98.9	(0.1)		1.1	(0.1)		1.0	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)
	Ireland	39.7	(1.3)		60.3	(1.3)		57.1	(1.9)		3.2	(1.4)
	Israel	69.4	(3.7)		30.6	(3.7)		24.7	(3.4)		5.9	(1.8)
	Italy	96.1	(0.7)		3.9	(0.7)		1.5	(0.4)		2.4	(0.6)
	Japan	69.1	(1.3)		30.9	(1.3)		2.4	(1.3)		28.5	(1.7)
	Korea	53.7	(3.9)		46.3	(3.9)		31.5	(3.7)		14.8	(2.5)
	Latvia	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Lithuania	99.3	(0.7)		0.7	(0.7)		0.7	(0.7)		0.0	c
	Luxembourg	85.6	(0.0)		14.4	(0.0)		14.4	(0.0)		0.0	c
	Mexico	85.0	(2.1)		15.0	(2.1)		5.2	(1.8)		9.7	(1.4)
	Netherlands	32.3	(4.3)		67.7	(4.3)		67.7	(4.3)		0.0	c
	New Zealand	94.3	(0.3)		5.7	(0.3)		1.3	(0.8)		4.4	(0.6)
	Norway	98.1	(0.9)		1.9	(0.9)		1.9	(0.9)		0.0	c
	Poland	98.4	(0.1)		1.6	(0.1)		1.0	(0.2)		0.6	(0.2)
	Portugal	89.8	(1.3)		10.2	(1.3)		8.1	(1.3)		2.0	(0.3)
	Slovak Republic	92.3	(1.9)		7.7	(1.9)		7.2	(1.8)		0.5	(0.5)
	Slovenia	97.7	(0.0)		2.3	(0.0)		2.3	(0.0)		0.1	(0.0)
	Spain	64.6	(0.9)		35.4	(0.9)		25.3	(1.4)		10.0	(1.5)
	Sweden	91.7	(0.8)		8.3	(0.8)		8.3	(0.8)		0.0	c
	Switzerland	95.0	(0.6)		5.0	(0.6)		1.4	(0.5)		3.6	(0.4)
	Turkey	97.7	(1.4)		2.3	(1.4)		1.8	(1.3)		0.5	(0.5)
	United Kingdom	92.4	(0.7)		7.6	(0.7)		1.6	(0.9)		6.0	(1.0)
	United States	92.2	(1.1)		7.8	(1.1)		1.2	(0.9)		6.6	(0.9)
	OECD average-28	83.2	(0.3)		16.8	(0.3)		12.7	(0.3)		4.1	(0.2)
	OECD average-30	83.2	(0.3)		16.8	(0.3)		12.7	(0.3)		4.1	(0.2)
	OECD average-37	83.5	(0.3)		16.5	(0.3)		12.7	(0.3)		3.7	(0.2)

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [6/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		PISA 2006
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Argentina	65.9	(3.7)		34.1	(3.7)		26.6	(3.1)		7.5	(2.6)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	86.4	(1.2)		13.6	(1.2)		6.4	(0.9)		7.1	(1.3)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Costa Rica	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Croatia	98.6	(1.0)		1.4	(1.0)		0.6	(0.4)		0.7	(0.5)
	Cyprus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Hong Kong (China)	7.5	(0.2)		92.5	(0.2)		90.7	(1.4)		1.9	(1.4)
	Indonesia	60.1	(3.5)		39.9	(3.5)		14.4	(3.0)		25.5	(2.9)
	Jordan	80.0	(1.6)		20.0	(1.6)		2.0	(1.1)		18.0	(1.5)
	Kazakhstan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	3.8	(0.0)		96.2	(0.0)		68.8	(0.1)		27.4	(0.1)
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Moldova	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Montenegro	99.8	(0.0)		0.2	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.2	(0.0)
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Peru	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	83.5	(0.1)		16.5	(0.1)		8.4	(0.1)		8.1	(0.1)
	Romania	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Russia	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	99.4	(0.7)		0.6	(0.7)		0.6	(0.7)		0.0	c
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	64.9	(2.4)		35.1	(2.4)		0.2	(0.2)		35.0	(2.4)
	Thailand	83.5	(0.7)		16.5	(0.7)		6.1	(1.7)		10.5	(1.7)
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Uruguay	84.9	(0.8)		15.1	(0.8)		0.0	c		15.1	(0.8)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [7/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		PISA 2009
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	59.7	(0.8)		40.3	(0.8)		25.5	(1.6)		14.7	(1.4)
	Austria	87.4	(2.4)		12.6	(2.4)		12.6	(2.4)		0.0	c
	Belgium	30.5	(0.7)		69.5	(0.7)		67.3	(1.0)		2.2	(0.8)
	Canada	92.5	(0.7)		7.5	(0.7)		4.6	(0.4)		2.9	(0.7)
	Chile	42.0	(1.7)		58.0	(1.7)		54.8	(2.1)		3.2	(1.4)
	Colombia	80.5	(2.4)		19.5	(2.4)		6.7	(1.6)		12.8	(2.5)
	Czech Republic	96.4	(1.0)		3.6	(1.0)		3.6	(1.0)		0.0	c
	Denmark	77.2	(2.8)		22.8	(2.8)		20.3	(2.8)		2.5	(1.1)
	Estonia	96.7	(1.2)		3.3	(1.2)		2.6	(1.0)		0.6	(0.6)
	Finland	96.1	(1.2)		3.9	(1.2)		3.9	(1.2)		0.0	c
	France	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Germany	94.9	(1.5)		5.1	(1.5)		5.1	(1.5)		0.0	c
	Greece	94.8	(0.8)		5.2	(0.8)		1.9	(0.8)		3.3	(0.8)
	Hungary	87.0	(2.5)		13.0	(2.5)		12.9	(2.5)		0.0	(0.0)
	Iceland	99.1	(0.1)		0.9	(0.1)		0.9	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Ireland	38.5	(0.4)		61.5	(0.4)		55.2	(1.8)		6.3	(1.8)
	Israel	82.1	(2.6)		17.9	(2.6)		14.1	(2.5)		3.8	(1.4)
	Italy	94.1	(0.6)		5.9	(0.6)		2.5	(0.6)		3.3	(0.6)
	Japan	70.7	(1.3)		29.3	(1.3)		2.9	(1.4)		26.4	(1.6)
	Korea	62.6	(4.3)		37.4	(4.3)		20.7	(3.4)		16.7	(3.0)
	Latvia	99.2	(0.5)		0.8	(0.5)		0.5	(0.4)		0.2	(0.2)
	Lithuania	99.0	(0.7)		1.0	(0.7)		1.0	(0.7)		0.0	c
	Luxembourg	85.2	(0.1)		14.8	(0.1)		13.2	(0.1)		1.6	(0.0)
	Mexico	88.5	(1.1)		11.5	(1.1)		1.1	(0.6)		10.4	(1.1)
	Netherlands	34.0	(3.9)		66.0	(3.9)		66.0	(3.9)		0.0	c
	New Zealand	94.3	(0.4)		5.7	(0.4)		0.8	(0.8)		4.9	(0.5)
	Norway	98.6	(0.4)		1.4	(0.4)		1.4	(0.4)		0.0	c
	Poland	97.9	(0.1)		2.1	(0.1)		0.7	(0.2)		1.5	(0.2)
	Portugal	85.5	(2.7)		14.5	(2.7)		9.4	(2.7)		5.1	(1.3)
	Slovak Republic	91.0	(2.4)		9.0	(2.4)		9.0	(2.4)		0.0	c
	Slovenia	97.3	(0.1)		2.7	(0.1)		2.7	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Spain	65.9	(0.9)		34.1	(0.9)		29.1	(1.3)		5.0	(1.1)
	Sweden	90.0	(0.8)		10.0	(0.8)		10.0	(0.8)		0.0	c
	Switzerland	93.6	(1.6)		6.4	(1.6)		2.7	(1.0)		3.7	(1.4)
	Turkey	99.2	(0.6)		0.8	(0.6)		0.0	c		0.8	(0.6)
	United Kingdom	93.7	(1.1)		6.3	(1.1)		0.0	c		6.3	(1.1)
	United States	91.2	(1.4)		8.8	(1.4)		2.1	(1.4)		6.7	(2.0)
	OECD average-28	82.2	(0.3)		17.8	(0.3)		13.1	(0.3)		4.7	(0.2)
	OECD average-30	82.2	(0.3)		17.8	(0.3)		13.1	(0.3)		4.7	(0.2)
	OECD average-37	82.7	(0.3)		17.3	(0.3)		13.0	(0.3)		4.3	(0.2)

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [8/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		PISA 2009
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	88.9	(2.1)		11.1	(2.1)		0.0	c		11.1	(2.1)
	Argentina	63.9	(2.1)		36.1	(2.1)		20.9	(2.9)		15.2	(2.8)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	87.7	(0.6)		12.3	(0.6)		4.5	(0.9)		7.8	(1.1)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	98.1	(0.8)		1.9	(0.8)		0.0	c		1.9	(0.8)
	Costa Rica	84.6	(1.4)		15.4	(1.4)		7.6	(1.9)		7.8	(1.5)
	Croatia	98.1	(1.1)		1.9	(1.1)		0.0	c		1.9	(1.1)
	Cyprus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	94.8	(0.7)		5.2	(0.7)		2.5	(0.7)		2.7	(0.4)
	Hong Kong (China)	7.4	(0.2)		92.6	(0.2)		90.0	(1.2)		2.6	(1.2)
	Indonesia	57.2	(2.8)		42.8	(2.8)		15.7	(2.3)		27.1	(3.1)
	Jordan	81.4	(0.7)		18.6	(0.7)		0.1	(0.0)		18.5	(0.7)
	Kazakhstan	96.8	(1.4)		3.2	(1.4)		0.0	c		3.2	(1.4)
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	4.0	(0.0)		96.0	(0.0)		83.8	(0.0)		12.2	(0.0)
	Malaysia	98.0	(0.3)		2.0	(0.3)		1.2	(0.3)		0.8	(0.0)
	Malta	64.2	(0.1)		35.8	(0.1)		25.9	(0.2)		9.9	(0.1)
	Moldova	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Montenegro	99.5	(0.0)		0.5	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.5	(0.0)
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	76.7	(2.6)		23.3	(2.6)		7.8	(2.2)		15.5	(3.1)
	Peru	77.9	(2.3)		22.1	(2.3)		5.9	(1.5)		16.2	(2.5)
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	68.9	(0.1)		31.1	(0.1)		11.5	(0.1)		19.5	(0.1)
	Romania	99.5	(0.5)		0.5	(0.5)		0.0	c		0.5	(0.5)
	Russia	99.9	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)		0.0	c		0.1	(0.1)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	98.8	(0.9)		1.2	(0.9)		0.0	c		1.2	(0.9)
	Singapore	98.2	(0.9)		1.8	(0.9)		0.3	(0.2)		1.5	(1.1)
	Chinese Taipei	63.7	(1.1)		36.3	(1.1)		5.9	(1.7)		30.4	(1.9)
	Thailand	82.9	(0.7)		17.1	(0.7)		12.9	(1.5)		4.1	(1.5)
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	51.6	(1.2)		48.4	(1.2)		18.0	(1.5)		30.4	(1.7)
	Uruguay	82.1	(0.8)		17.9	(0.8)		0.5	(0.5)		17.4	(0.9)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [9/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		PISA 2012
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	58.7	(0.5)		41.3	(0.5)		29.2	(0.9)		12.1	(0.9)
	Austria	91.4	(2.3)		8.6	(2.3)		8.6	(2.3)		0.0	c
	Belgium	31.6	(2.1)		68.4	(2.1)		67.2	(2.3)		1.2	(0.8)
	Canada	91.9	(0.7)		8.1	(0.7)		4.7	(0.6)		3.5	(0.8)
	Chile	36.2	(1.5)		63.8	(1.5)		49.8	(2.7)		14.0	(2.2)
	Colombia	84.5	(1.3)		15.5	(1.3)		5.6	(1.0)		9.9	(1.4)
	Czech Republic	91.4	(1.9)		8.6	(1.9)		7.3	(1.6)		1.3	(0.9)
	Denmark	75.6	(1.8)		24.4	(1.8)		20.3	(2.0)		4.1	(1.5)
	Estonia	96.1	(1.1)		3.9	(1.1)		3.3	(1.1)		0.5	(0.0)
	Finland	96.8	(0.7)		3.2	(0.7)		3.2	(0.7)		0.0	c
	France	80.4	(1.3)		19.6	(1.3)		19.6	(1.3)		0.0	c
	Germany	93.6	(1.6)		6.4	(1.6)		6.0	(1.6)		0.4	(0.4)
	Greece	93.9	(1.0)		6.1	(1.0)		3.9	(1.3)		2.2	(0.7)
	Hungary	83.5	(2.9)		16.5	(2.9)		16.5	(2.9)		0.0	c
	Iceland	99.5	(0.1)		0.5	(0.1)		0.5	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Ireland	41.9	(0.4)		58.1	(0.4)		56.0	(1.1)		2.1	(1.1)
	Israel	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Italy	94.6	(0.8)		5.4	(0.8)		2.6	(0.6)		2.8	(0.5)
	Japan	70.1	(1.2)		29.9	(1.2)		0.0	c		29.9	(1.2)
	Korea	52.5	(4.1)		47.5	(4.1)		31.6	(3.8)		15.9	(3.1)
	Latvia	97.6	(1.5)		2.4	(1.5)		0.5	(0.4)		1.9	(1.3)
	Lithuania	98.6	(0.7)		1.4	(0.7)		1.1	(0.6)		0.4	(0.4)
	Luxembourg	84.6	(0.1)		15.4	(0.1)		13.6	(0.1)		1.8	(0.0)
	Mexico	88.0	(0.8)		12.0	(0.8)		3.4	(0.5)		8.6	(0.8)
	Netherlands	32.4	(4.2)		67.6	(4.2)		67.6	(4.2)		0.0	c
	New Zealand	93.8	(1.5)		6.2	(1.5)		0.9	(0.6)		5.3	(1.4)
	Norway	98.3	(1.0)		1.7	(1.0)		1.7	(1.0)		0.0	c
	Poland	97.1	(0.4)		2.9	(0.4)		1.9	(0.4)		1.0	(0.2)
	Portugal	89.9	(2.0)		10.1	(2.0)		5.8	(1.9)		4.2	(1.4)
	Slovak Republic	91.0	(2.4)		9.0	(2.4)		8.6	(2.5)		0.5	(0.3)
	Slovenia	97.6	(0.1)		2.4	(0.1)		2.4	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Spain	67.2	(0.8)		32.8	(0.8)		25.5	(1.0)		7.3	(1.0)
	Sweden	86.0	(0.7)		14.0	(0.7)		14.0	(0.7)		0.0	c
	Switzerland	93.7	(1.3)		6.3	(1.3)		1.5	(0.8)		4.8	(1.0)
	Turkey	98.7	(0.8)		1.3	(0.8)		1.3	(0.8)		0.0	c
	United Kingdom	54.8	(3.1)		45.2	(3.1)		37.6	(3.2)		7.6	(0.7)
	United States	93.0	(0.9)		7.0	(0.9)		2.0	(0.9)		5.0	(0.9)
	OECD average-28	82.8	(0.3)		17.2	(0.3)		12.9	(0.3)		4.4	(0.2)
	OECD average-30	82.8	(0.3)		17.2	(0.3)		12.9	(0.3)		4.4	(0.2)
	OECD average-37	82.2	(0.3)		17.8	(0.3)		13.8	(0.3)		4.0	(0.2)

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [10/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		PISA 2012
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	91.7	(2.1)		8.3	(2.1)		0.0	c		8.3	(2.1)
	Argentina	66.4	(2.1)		33.6	(2.1)		27.0	(2.9)		6.6	(2.1)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	82.9	(0.9)		17.1	(0.9)		5.4	(1.3)		11.7	(1.3)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	98.8	(0.9)		1.2	(0.9)		0.0	c		1.2	(0.9)
	Costa Rica	84.9	(1.3)		15.1	(1.3)		5.8	(1.4)		9.3	(1.5)
	Croatia	98.2	(1.1)		1.8	(1.1)		0.8	(0.8)		0.9	(0.7)
	Cyprus	82.5	(0.0)		17.5	(0.0)		1.6	(0.0)		15.9	(0.0)
	Dominican Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Hong Kong (China)	6.7	(0.2)		93.3	(0.2)		92.1	(0.7)		1.1	(0.7)
	Indonesia	58.1	(2.6)		41.9	(2.6)		18.5	(2.4)		23.4	(2.7)
	Jordan	83.3	(1.5)		16.7	(1.5)		0.9	(0.6)		15.8	(1.2)
	Kazakhstan	97.2	(1.0)		2.8	(1.0)		0.7	(0.5)		2.1	(0.9)
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	4.2	(0.0)		95.8	(0.0)		81.3	(0.0)		14.5	(0.0)
	Malaysia	95.9	(1.0)		4.1	(1.0)		0.7	(0.7)		3.3	(0.7)
	Malta	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Moldova	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Montenegro	99.6	(0.0)		0.4	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.4	(0.0)
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Peru	76.5	(1.8)		23.5	(1.8)		10.3	(2.2)		13.2	(1.8)
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	61.9	(0.1)		38.1	(0.1)		0.9	(0.0)		37.2	(0.1)
	Romania	99.4	(0.6)		0.6	(0.6)		0.0	c		0.6	(0.6)
	Russia	99.4	(0.6)		0.6	(0.6)		0.0	c		0.6	(0.6)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	99.6	(0.4)		0.4	(0.4)		0.0	c		0.4	(0.4)
	Singapore	97.6	(0.7)		2.4	(0.7)		0.0	c		2.4	(0.7)
	Chinese Taipei	64.8	(0.8)		35.2	(0.8)		8.5	(1.7)		26.7	(2.0)
	Thailand	83.5	(0.6)		16.5	(0.6)		11.6	(1.5)		4.9	(1.3)
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	44.1	(0.8)		55.9	(0.8)		19.6	(2.1)		36.3	(2.2)
	Uruguay	83.3	(1.2)		16.7	(1.2)		0.0	c		16.7	(1.2)
	Viet Nam	91.8	(1.3)		8.2	(1.3)		0.8	(0.6)		7.4	(1.1)

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [11/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		PISA 2015
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	56.3	(0.8)		43.7	(0.8)		28.8	(1.3)		14.9	(1.0)
	Austria	87.4	(2.2)		12.6	(2.2)		12.6	(2.2)		0.0	c
	Belgium	45.5	(5.0)	‡	54.5	(5.0)	‡	54.5	(5.0)	‡	0.0	c	‡
	Canada	90.3	(1.0)		9.7	(1.0)		4.8	(1.2)		4.9	(1.0)
	Chile	36.9	(1.6)		63.1	(1.6)		53.1	(2.3)		10.0	(1.8)
	Colombia	75.9	(1.8)		24.1	(1.8)		5.9	(1.7)		18.2	(2.0)
	Czech Republic	91.8	(1.4)		8.2	(1.4)		7.6	(1.4)		0.5	(0.4)
	Denmark	76.8	(2.3)		23.2	(2.3)		20.5	(2.5)		2.7	(1.2)
	Estonia	95.8	(1.0)		4.2	(1.0)		3.3	(1.0)		0.9	(0.4)
	Finland	95.5	(1.5)		4.5	(1.5)		4.5	(1.5)		0.0	c
	France	79.0	(1.3)		21.0	(1.3)		14.8	(1.6)		6.2	(1.4)
	Germany	92.7	(1.6)		7.3	(1.6)		6.8	(1.6)		0.5	(0.5)
	Greece	95.1	(0.7)		4.9	(0.7)		0.8	(0.8)		4.1	(0.4)
	Hungary	82.0	(2.3)		18.0	(2.3)		15.7	(2.1)		2.3	(1.2)
	Iceland	99.4	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Ireland	42.7	(1.0)		57.3	(1.0)		54.7	(1.3)		2.7	(1.1)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	95.9	(1.1)	†	4.1	(1.1)	†	1.5	(0.7)	†	2.6	(0.9)	†
	Japan	68.2	(1.0)		31.8	(1.0)		3.7	(1.2)		28.1	(1.4)
	Korea	65.3	(3.8)		34.7	(3.8)		23.2	(3.3)		11.4	(2.6)
	Latvia	98.0	(0.7)		2.0	(0.7)		0.7	(0.4)		1.2	(0.5)
	Lithuania	97.7	(1.1)		2.3	(1.1)		1.7	(0.7)		0.6	(0.8)
	Luxembourg	84.4	(0.1)		15.6	(0.1)		13.3	(0.1)		2.3	(0.0)
	Mexico	87.5	(1.4)		12.5	(1.4)		3.1	(1.1)		9.4	(1.5)
	Netherlands	39.9	(4.6)	†	60.1	(4.6)	†	60.1	(4.6)	†	0.0	(0.0)	†
	New Zealand	93.4	(1.2)		6.6	(1.2)		0.1	(0.1)		6.5	(1.3)
	Norway	98.1	(1.0)		1.9	(1.0)		1.9	(1.0)		0.0	c
	Poland	96.5	(1.0)		3.5	(1.0)		2.3	(1.0)		1.2	(0.8)
	Portugal	94.5	(0.6)		5.5	(0.6)		1.8	(0.7)		3.7	(0.6)
	Slovak Republic	88.4	(2.1)		11.6	(2.1)		11.6	(2.1)		0.0	c
	Slovenia	97.4	(0.0)		2.6	(0.0)		2.6	(0.0)		0.0	c
	Spain	68.7	(1.2)		31.3	(1.2)		25.5	(1.6)		5.7	(1.3)
	Sweden	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Switzerland	93.9	(1.0)		6.1	(1.0)		2.7	(0.8)		3.3	(0.9)
	Turkey	95.2	(2.1)		4.8	(2.1)		1.7	(1.6)		3.1	(1.4)
	United Kingdom	44.0	(2.5)		56.0	(2.5)		50.6	(2.5)		5.5	(1.7)
	United States	92.3	(1.3)		7.7	(1.3)		0.1	(0.1)		7.5	(1.3)
	OECD average-28	82.5	(0.3)		17.5	(0.3)		12.5	(0.3)		5.0	(0.2)
	OECD average-30	82.5	(0.3)		17.5	(0.3)		12.5	(0.3)		5.0	(0.2)
	OECD average-37	81.5	(0.3)		18.5	(0.3)		13.8	(0.3)		4.7	(0.2)

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [12/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		PISA 2015
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	88.4	(1.8)		11.6	(1.8)		1.9	(1.1)		9.8	(2.6)
	Argentina	78.5	(1.7)		21.5	(1.7)		16.0	(2.0)		5.5	(1.6)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	85.5	(1.4)		14.5	(1.4)		3.8	(1.0)		10.7	(1.3)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	98.8	(0.8)		1.2	(0.8)		0.2	(0.2)		1.0	(0.7)
	Costa Rica	87.6	(2.3)		12.4	(2.3)		3.7	(1.2)		8.7	(1.9)
	Croatia	97.7	(1.1)		2.3	(1.1)		2.2	(1.2)		0.1	(0.1)
	Cyprus	84.0	(0.1)		16.0	(0.1)		5.8	(0.1)		10.3	(0.1)
	Dominican Republic	77.7	(1.8)		22.3	(1.8)		6.1	(2.1)		16.2	(1.8)
	Georgia	92.6	(0.8)		7.4	(0.8)		3.5	(0.9)		4.0	(1.1)
	Hong Kong (China)	6.5	(0.3)		93.5	(0.3)		93.5	(0.3)		0.0	c
	Indonesia	59.2	(1.5)		40.8	(1.5)		26.8	(2.1)		14.0	(2.5)
	Jordan	80.0	(1.1)		20.0	(1.1)		1.5	(0.8)		18.5	(1.3)
	Kazakhstan	96.0	(1.3)		4.0	(1.3)		1.2	(0.8)		2.9	(1.1)
	Kosovo	97.5	(0.5)		2.5	(0.5)		0.2	(0.3)		2.2	(0.4)
	Lebanon	49.7	(1.6)		50.3	(1.6)		15.3	(2.4)		35.0	(2.4)
	Macao (China)	2.7	(0.0)		97.3	(0.0)		83.2	(0.1)		14.0	(0.0)
	Malaysia	94.4	(0.7)		5.6	(0.7)		1.2	(0.9)		4.5	(0.7)
	Malta	58.2	(0.1)		41.8	(0.1)		28.0	(0.1)		13.8	(0.1)
	Moldova	98.5	(0.9)		1.5	(0.9)		0.4	(0.4)		1.1	(0.7)
	Montenegro	99.4	(0.0)		0.6	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.6	(0.0)
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	98.1	(0.0)		1.9	(0.0)		1.0	(0.0)		0.9	(0.0)
	Panama	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Peru	68.6	(1.8)		31.4	(1.8)		7.3	(1.5)		24.1	(1.7)
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	58.2	(0.1)		41.8	(0.1)		7.3	(0.0)		34.5	(0.1)
	Romania	98.9	(0.8)		1.1	(0.8)		0.0	c		1.1	(0.8)
	Russia	99.0	(0.7)		1.0	(0.7)		0.6	(0.6)		0.5	(0.3)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Singapore	91.6	(0.7)		8.4	(0.7)		3.1	(0.8)		5.2	(1.3)
	Chinese Taipei	66.2	(0.9)		33.8	(0.9)		8.0	(1.8)		25.8	(2.1)
	Thailand	85.2	(0.7)		14.8	(0.7)		10.4	(1.2)		4.4	(1.4)
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	42.6	(1.3)		57.4	(1.3)		10.6	(2.4)		46.8	(2.4)
	Uruguay	84.6	(0.8)		15.4	(0.8)		0.0	c		15.4	(0.8)
	Viet Nam	95.9	(1.0)		4.1	(1.0)		0.0	c		4.1	(1.0)

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [13/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		PISA 2018
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	57.6	(0.6)		42.4	(0.6)		28.2	(1.1)		14.2	(1.0)
	Austria	87.6	(2.4)		12.4	(2.4)		10.8	(2.3)		1.6	(0.7)
	Belgium	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Canada	91.8	(0.6)		8.2	(0.6)		3.4	(0.6)		4.8	(0.6)
	Chile	34.0	(1.5)		66.0	(1.5)		56.2	(2.3)		9.8	(1.9)
	Colombia	81.4	(1.4)		18.6	(1.4)		1.4	(0.7)		17.2	(1.3)
	Czech Republic	93.6	(1.2)		6.4	(1.2)		5.8	(1.1)		0.6	(0.4)
	Denmark	72.0	(1.9)		28.0	(1.9)		21.7	(2.2)		6.3	(1.5)
	Estonia	96.1	(1.2)		3.9	(1.2)		2.3	(0.8)		1.6	(0.8)
	Finland	95.9	(0.9)		4.1	(0.9)		4.1	(0.9)		0.0	c
	France	80.0	(1.3)		20.0	(1.3)		11.7	(1.6)		8.3	(1.4)
	Germany	96.1	(1.6)		3.9	(1.6)		3.4	(1.5)		0.6	(0.6)
	Greece	94.9	(0.7)		5.1	(0.7)		1.4	(0.5)		3.7	(0.9)
	Hungary	79.4	(2.5)		20.6	(2.5)		19.3	(2.5)		1.2	(0.8)
	Iceland	99.2	(0.0)		0.8	(0.0)		0.8	(0.0)		0.0	c
	Ireland	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	96.4	(0.9)		3.6	(0.9)		1.7	(0.7)		1.9	(0.6)
	Japan	66.3	(0.6)		33.7	(0.6)		3.6	(1.3)		30.1	(1.5)
	Korea	60.6	(3.6)		39.4	(3.6)		35.5	(3.6)		3.9	(1.5)
	Latvia	98.5	(0.5)		1.5	(0.5)		0.8	(0.5)		0.7	(0.4)
	Lithuania	95.8	(0.4)		4.2	(0.4)		3.0	(0.4)		1.2	(0.4)
	Luxembourg	82.3	(0.1)		17.7	(0.1)		15.1	(0.1)		2.6	(0.0)
	Mexico	87.9	(1.0)		12.1	(1.0)		4.2	(1.0)		7.9	(1.3)
	Netherlands	36.5	(4.4)		63.5	(4.4)		63.4	(4.4)		0.1	(0.2)
	New Zealand	94.2	(0.5)		5.8	(0.5)		0.0	c		5.8	(0.5)
	Norway	w	w		w	w		w	w		w	w
	Poland	95.5	(0.7)		4.5	(0.7)		3.6	(0.9)		0.9	(0.5)
	Portugal	86.6	(1.8)		13.4	(1.8)		8.8	(1.6)		4.6	(1.3)
	Slovak Republic	87.7	(2.2)		12.3	(2.2)		11.8	(2.1)		0.5	(0.5)
	Slovenia	97.5	(0.1)		2.5	(0.1)		2.5	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Spain	67.7	(0.8)		32.3	(0.8)		27.0	(1.0)		5.3	(0.8)
	Sweden	80.7	(1.5)		19.3	(1.5)		19.2	(1.6)		0.1	(0.1)
	Switzerland	95.5	(1.0)		4.5	(1.0)		0.7	(0.4)		3.8	(1.0)
	Turkey	87.9	(2.8)		12.1	(2.8)		1.1	(1.1)		11.0	(2.6)
	United Kingdom	34.0	(2.2)		66.0	(2.2)		59.8	(2.6)		6.2	(1.4)
	United States	93.0	(1.3)		7.0	(1.3)		2.2	(1.5)		4.8	(1.6)
	OECD average-28	83.7	(0.3)		16.3	(0.3)		11.0	(0.3)		5.3	(0.2)
	OECD average-30	83.7	(0.3)		16.3	(0.3)		11.0	(0.3)		5.3	(0.2)
	OECD average-37	81.9	(0.3)		18.1	(0.3)		13.2	(0.3)		4.9	(0.2)

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [14/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		PISA 2018
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	88.8	(0.8)		11.2	(0.8)		1.5	(0.8)		9.7	(1.0)
	Argentina	68.4	(1.2)		31.6	(1.2)		24.8	(1.9)		6.8	(1.6)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	99.5	(0.2)	†	0.5	(0.2)	†	0.3	(0.0)	†	0.2	(0.2)	†
	Belarus	99.6	(0.4)		0.4	(0.4)		0.0	c		0.4	(0.4)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	99.0	(0.6)		1.0	(0.6)		0.3	(0.3)		0.7	(0.5)
	Brazil	85.0	(1.0)		15.0	(1.0)		4.1	(1.0)		10.9	(1.3)
	Brunei Darussalam	84.3	(0.0)		15.7	(0.0)		3.5	(0.0)		12.1	(0.0)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	85.7	(2.1)		14.3	(2.1)		0.3	(0.2)		14.0	(2.2)
	Bulgaria	99.0	(0.7)		1.0	(0.7)		0.0	c		1.0	(0.7)
	Costa Rica	86.2	(1.1)		13.8	(1.1)		0.7	(0.5)		13.1	(1.1)
	Croatia	97.6	(1.0)		2.4	(1.0)		1.5	(0.9)		0.9	(0.5)
	Cyprus	83.3	(0.1)		16.7	(0.1)		0.0	c		16.7	(0.1)
	Dominican Republic	83.1	(1.6)		16.9	(1.6)		6.0	(1.8)		10.9	(1.4)
	Georgia	89.3	(0.9)		10.7	(0.9)		1.1	(0.5)		9.5	(1.0)
	Hong Kong (China)	8.6	(0.4)		91.4	(0.4)		91.1	(0.5)		0.3	(0.3)
	Indonesia	53.5	(3.0)		46.5	(3.0)		30.0	(3.7)		16.6	(3.9)
	Jordan	78.9	(1.1)		21.1	(1.1)		1.4	(0.6)		19.6	(1.2)
	Kazakhstan	91.7	(1.3)		8.3	(1.3)		2.3	(0.9)		6.0	(1.2)
	Kosovo	99.2	(0.4)		0.8	(0.4)		0.0	c		0.8	(0.4)
	Lebanon	48.4	(1.3)		51.6	(1.3)		31.2	(2.2)		20.4	(2.3)
	Macao (China)	5.7	(0.0)		94.3	(0.0)		85.3	(0.0)		9.0	(0.0)
	Malaysia	93.8	(0.8)		6.2	(0.8)		0.5	(0.7)		5.7	(0.8)
	Malta	54.9	(0.1)		45.1	(0.1)		31.4	(0.1)		13.7	(0.1)
	Moldova	99.3	(0.6)		0.7	(0.6)		0.0	(0.0)		0.7	(0.6)
	Montenegro	99.8	(0.0)		0.2	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.2	(0.0)
	Morocco	92.7	(1.5)		7.3	(1.5)		3.0	(1.3)		4.3	(1.2)
	North Macedonia	98.7	(0.0)		1.3	(0.0)		0.6	(0.0)		0.7	(0.0)
	Panama	81.9	(2.2)		18.1	(2.2)		7.2	(1.8)		10.8	(2.5)
	Peru	75.2	(1.4)		24.8	(1.4)		0.3	(0.3)		24.6	(1.4)
	Philippines	82.3	(1.7)		17.7	(1.7)		10.6	(1.8)		7.1	(1.6)
	Qatar	57.3	(0.1)		42.7	(0.1)		1.5	(0.0)		41.2	(0.1)
	Romania	98.0	(1.4)		2.0	(1.4)		1.4	(1.2)		0.7	(0.7)
	Russia	100.0	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Saudi Arabia	86.7	(1.4)		13.3	(1.4)		5.8	(1.6)		7.5	(1.7)
	Serbia	96.8	(1.7)		3.2	(1.7)		0.0	c		3.2	(1.7)
	Singapore	90.5	(0.7)		9.5	(0.7)		3.0	(0.4)		6.6	(0.9)
	Chinese Taipei	68.4	(0.9)		31.6	(0.9)		14.0	(2.2)		17.6	(2.1)
	Thailand	84.0	(1.5)		16.0	(1.5)		8.5	(1.8)		7.4	(1.6)
	Ukraine	99.2	(0.6)		0.8	(0.6)		0.4	(0.5)		0.4	(0.4)
	United Arab Emirates	38.0	(0.6)		62.0	(0.6)		23.8	(1.5)		38.2	(1.6)
	Uruguay	84.1	(1.1)		15.9	(1.1)		0.5	(0.6)		15.3	(1.3)
	Viet Nam	95.0	(1.1)		5.0	(1.1)		1.0	(0.9)		4.0	(0.7)

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [15/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		Change between 2000 and 2018 (PISA 2018 – PISA 2000)
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Austria	0.2	(3.6)		-0.2	(3.6)		5.0	(3.0)		-5.2	(2.2)
	Belgium	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	-20.5	(2.1)		20.5	(2.1)		24.8	(3.3)		-4.3	(2.5)
	Colombia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Czech Republic	-0.4	(2.0)		0.4	(2.0)		1.6	(1.7)		-1.2	(1.0)
	Denmark	-3.3	(3.0)		3.3	(3.0)		-2.3	(3.2)		5.6	(1.6)
	Estonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Finland	-1.3	(1.6)		1.3	(1.6)		1.3	(1.6)		0.0	c
	France	1.6	(3.6)		-1.6	(3.6)		-2.1	(3.2)		0.5	(2.7)
	Germany	0.5	(2.1)		-0.5	(2.1)		-0.6	(2.0)		0.1	(0.7)
	Greece	2.1	(1.7)		-2.1	(1.7)		1.4	(0.5)		-3.5	(1.8)
	Hungary	-15.2	(3.1)		15.2	(3.1)		15.0	(2.9)		0.3	(1.1)
	Iceland	0.0	(0.1)		0.0	(0.1)		0.8	(0.0)		-0.8	(0.0)
	Ireland	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	2.1	(1.7)		-2.1	(1.7)		1.7	(0.7)		-3.9	(1.6)
	Japan	-3.5	(1.1)		3.5	(1.1)		2.2	(1.6)		1.4	(2.0)
	Korea	12.9	(5.6)		-12.9	(5.6)		35.5	(3.6)		-48.4	(4.5)
	Latvia	-0.8	(0.9)		0.8	(0.9)		0.1	(0.9)		0.7	(0.4)
	Lithuania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Luxembourg	-5.6	(0.1)		5.6	(0.1)		3.0	(0.1)		2.6	(0.0)
	Mexico	3.4	(3.0)		-3.4	(3.0)		4.2	(1.0)		-7.5	(3.1)
	Netherlands	10.0	(6.5)		-10.0	(6.5)		4.6	(6.7)		-14.5	(4.4)
	New Zealand	-1.2	(0.7)		1.2	(0.7)		-0.1	(0.1)		1.3	(0.7)
	Norway	w	w		w	w		w	w		w	w
	Poland	-1.6	(1.5)		1.6	(1.5)		3.6	(0.9)		-2.0	(1.4)
	Portugal	-6.1	(1.9)		6.1	(1.9)		3.0	(1.9)		3.2	(1.5)
	Slovak Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Slovenia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Spain	7.0	(1.8)		-7.0	(1.8)		-0.5	(3.4)		-6.5	(2.6)
	Sweden	-15.9	(1.7)		15.9	(1.7)		18.0	(1.6)		-2.1	(0.7)
	Switzerland	1.9	(2.0)		-1.9	(2.0)		-1.0	(0.9)		-0.9	(1.8)
	Turkey	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Kingdom	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United States	-0.4	(3.0)		0.4	(3.0)		2.2	(1.5)		-1.8	(3.2)
	OECD average-28	-1.8	(0.5)		1.8	(0.5)		5.2	(0.4)		-3.4	(0.4)
	OECD average-30	-1.8	(0.5)		1.8	(0.5)		5.2	(0.4)		-3.4	(0.4)
	OECD average-37	-1.4	(0.6)		1.4	(0.6)		5.0	(0.5)		-3.6	(0.4)

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [16/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		Change between 2000 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2000)
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	-7.4	(1.1)		7.4	(1.1)		1.5	(0.8)		5.9	(1.3)
	Argentina	6.8	(7.6)		-6.8	(7.6)		4.3	(8.5)		-11.1	(5.3)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	-1.9	(1.9)		1.9	(1.9)		4.1	(1.0)		-2.2	(2.1)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	-0.5	(0.9)		0.5	(0.9)		0.0	c		0.5	(0.9)
	Costa Rica	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Croatia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Cyprus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Hong Kong (China)	-86.5	(1.0)		86.5	(1.0)		86.7	(0.8)		-0.2	(0.5)
	Indonesia	-0.1	(6.2)		0.1	(6.2)		29.8	(3.7)		-29.7	(6.6)
	Jordan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kazakhstan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Moldova	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Montenegro	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	-0.9	(0.0)		0.9	(0.0)		0.6	(0.0)		0.3	(0.0)
	Panama	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Peru	-9.8	(2.1)		9.8	(2.1)		0.3	(0.3)		9.5	(2.0)
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Romania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Russia	0.0	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Thailand	3.3	(2.6)		-3.3	(2.6)		6.7	(2.0)		-10.0	(3.2)
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Uruguay	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [17/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		Change between 2003 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2003)
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Austria	-4.4	(3.0)		4.4	(3.0)		2.8	(3.0)		1.6	(0.7)
	Belgium	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Canada	-1.4	(1.1)		1.4	(1.1)		-1.6	(1.1)		3.0	(0.7)
	Chile	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Colombia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Czech Republic	0.3	(2.1)		-0.3	(2.1)		0.0	(2.0)		-0.3	(0.7)
	Denmark	-6.3	(3.1)		6.3	(3.1)		0.5	(3.4)		5.8	(1.6)
	Estonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Finland	2.6	(1.8)		-2.6	(1.8)		-2.6	(1.8)		0.0	c
	France	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Germany	3.8	(2.3)		-3.8	(2.3)		-4.0	(2.3)		0.2	(0.7)
	Greece	-1.0	(2.2)		1.0	(2.2)		-0.1	(1.4)		1.1	(2.1)
	Hungary	-9.1	(3.5)		9.1	(3.5)		9.0	(3.4)		0.0	(1.1)
	Iceland	-0.4	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)		0.8	(0.0)		-0.5	(0.1)
	Ireland	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	1.1	(1.6)		-1.1	(1.6)		0.4	(0.9)		-1.5	(1.4)
	Japan	-6.4	(1.6)		6.4	(1.6)		2.4	(1.5)		4.0	(2.4)
	Korea	16.5	(5.1)		-16.5	(5.1)		0.3	(5.3)		-16.8	(3.5)
	Latvia	-0.6	(0.9)		0.6	(0.9)		0.8	(0.5)		-0.2	(0.8)
	Lithuania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Luxembourg	-3.5	(0.1)		3.5	(0.1)		0.9	(0.1)		2.6	(0.0)
	Mexico	3.4	(2.6)		-3.4	(2.6)		0.3	(2.1)		-3.7	(2.1)
	Netherlands	13.6	(6.0)		-13.6	(6.0)		-13.7	(6.0)		0.1	(0.2)
	New Zealand	-1.1	(0.5)		1.1	(0.5)		-0.4	(0.4)		1.5	(0.7)
	Norway	w	w		w	w		w	w		w	w
	Poland	-3.7	(0.8)		3.7	(0.8)		3.2	(1.0)		0.5	(0.6)
	Portugal	-7.2	(2.2)		7.2	(2.2)		4.6	(2.0)		2.5	(1.8)
	Slovak Republic	0.1	(3.5)		-0.1	(3.5)		-0.6	(3.4)		0.5	(0.5)
	Slovenia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Spain	5.5	(1.7)		-5.5	(1.7)		-3.4	(2.3)		-2.1	(1.9)
	Sweden	-14.8	(1.6)		14.8	(1.6)		14.8	(1.7)		0.1	(0.1)
	Switzerland	1.1	(1.7)		-1.1	(1.7)		-1.1	(1.2)		0.0	(1.2)
	Turkey	-8.7	(3.1)		8.7	(3.1)		-1.3	(2.0)		10.0	(2.8)
	United Kingdom	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United States	-1.0	(1.7)		1.0	(1.7)		1.5	(1.6)		-0.6	(1.9)
	OECD average-28	-1.4	(0.5)		1.4	(0.5)		1.2	(0.5)		0.2	(0.3)
	OECD average-30	-1.4	(0.5)		1.4	(0.5)		1.2	(0.5)		0.2	(0.3)
	OECD average-37	-0.9	(0.5)		0.9	(0.5)		0.5	(0.5)		0.3	(0.3)

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [18/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		Change between 2003 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2003)
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Argentina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	0.4	(2.3)		-0.4	(2.3)		-0.2	(1.8)		-0.2	(2.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Costa Rica	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Croatia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Cyprus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Hong Kong (China)	-0.9	(0.5)		0.9	(0.5)		1.6	(1.0)		-0.7	(0.8)
	Indonesia	-0.3	(3.8)		0.3	(3.8)		25.6	(4.0)		-25.2	(4.7)
	Jordan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kazakhstan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	1.0	(0.1)		-1.0	(0.1)		33.8	(0.2)		-34.8	(0.2)
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Moldova	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Montenegro	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Peru	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Romania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Russia	0.2	(0.2)		-0.2	(0.2)		0.0	c		-0.2	(0.2)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Thailand	-4.0	(1.9)		4.0	(1.9)		2.6	(2.1)		1.4	(2.2)
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Uruguay	-1.8	(1.4)		1.8	(1.4)		0.5	(0.6)		1.2	(1.5)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [19/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		Change between 2015 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	1.4	(1.0)		-1.4	(1.0)		-0.6	(1.7)		-0.7	(1.4)
	Austria	0.1	(3.2)		-0.1	(3.2)		-1.8	(3.2)		1.6	(0.7)
	Belgium	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Canada	1.4	(1.2)		-1.4	(1.2)		-1.3	(1.3)		-0.1	(1.2)
	Chile	-2.9	(2.1)		2.9	(2.1)		3.1	(3.3)		-0.3	(2.6)
	Colombia	5.4	(2.2)		-5.4	(2.2)		-4.4	(1.9)		-1.0	(2.4)
	Czech Republic	1.8	(1.9)		-1.8	(1.9)		-1.9	(1.8)		0.1	(0.6)
	Denmark	-4.8	(3.0)		4.8	(3.0)		1.2	(3.3)		3.6	(1.9)
	Estonia	0.3	(1.5)		-0.3	(1.5)		-1.0	(1.3)		0.7	(0.9)
	Finland	0.4	(1.8)		-0.4	(1.8)		-0.4	(1.8)		0.0	c
	France	1.0	(1.8)		-1.0	(1.8)		-3.1	(2.3)		2.1	(1.9)
	Germany	3.4	(2.3)		-3.4	(2.3)		-3.4	(2.2)		0.0	(0.8)
	Greece	-0.2	(1.0)		0.2	(1.0)		0.6	(1.0)		-0.4	(1.0)
	Hungary	-2.6	(3.4)		2.6	(3.4)		3.6	(3.3)		-1.0	(1.4)
	Iceland	-0.3	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Ireland	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	0.5	(1.5)	†	-0.5	(1.5)	†	0.3	(1.0)	†	-0.7	(1.1)	†
	Japan	-1.9	(1.1)		1.9	(1.1)		-0.1	(1.7)		2.0	(2.0)
	Korea	-4.7	(5.2)		4.7	(5.2)		12.2	(4.9)		-7.6	(3.0)
	Latvia	0.4	(0.8)		-0.4	(0.8)		0.1	(0.6)		-0.5	(0.6)
	Lithuania	-1.8	(1.2)		1.8	(1.2)		1.2	(0.8)		0.6	(0.9)
	Luxembourg	-2.0	(0.1)		2.0	(0.1)		1.8	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)
	Mexico	0.4	(1.7)		-0.4	(1.7)		1.1	(1.5)		-1.5	(2.0)
	Netherlands	-3.4	(6.3)	†	3.4	(6.3)	†	3.3	(6.3)	†	0.1	(0.2)	†
	New Zealand	0.8	(1.3)		-0.8	(1.3)		-0.1	(0.1)		-0.7	(1.4)
	Norway	w	w		w	w		w	w		w	w
	Poland	-1.0	(1.2)		1.0	(1.2)		1.3	(1.4)		-0.3	(1.0)
	Portugal	-7.9	(1.9)		7.9	(1.9)		7.0	(1.8)		0.9	(1.5)
	Slovak Republic	-0.7	(3.0)		0.7	(3.0)		0.2	(3.0)		0.5	(0.5)
	Slovenia	0.0	(0.1)		0.0	(0.1)		0.0	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Spain	-1.0	(1.4)		1.0	(1.4)		1.4	(1.9)		-0.4	(1.6)
	Sweden	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Switzerland	1.6	(1.4)		-1.6	(1.4)		-2.0	(0.9)		0.4	(1.3)
	Turkey	-7.3	(3.5)		7.3	(3.5)		-0.5	(2.0)		7.9	(2.9)
	United Kingdom	-9.9	(3.3)		9.9	(3.3)		9.2	(3.6)		0.7	(2.2)
	United States	0.7	(1.8)		-0.7	(1.8)		2.1	(1.5)		-2.8	(2.1)
	OECD average-28	-0.9	(0.4)		0.9	(0.4)		0.8	(0.4)		0.1	(0.3)
	OECD average-30	-0.9	(0.4)		0.9	(0.4)		0.8	(0.4)		0.1	(0.3)
	OECD average-37	-1.0	(0.4)		1.0	(0.4)		0.9	(0.4)		0.1	(0.3)

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.7.1 [20/20]. Enrolment in public and private schools, 2000 through 2018

Results based on principals’ reports about school management and the school’s sources of funding

		Percentage of students enrolled in:
		Change between 2015 and 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
		Government or public schools1			Private schools
					Total			Government-dependent private schools2			Government-independent private schools3
		% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x	% dif.	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	0.4	(2.0)		-0.4	(2.0)		-0.4	(1.4)		-0.1	(2.8)
	Argentina	-10.1	(2.1)		10.1	(2.1)		8.8	(2.8)		1.3	(2.2)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	-0.5	(1.7)		0.5	(1.7)		0.2	(1.4)		0.2	(1.9)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	0.2	(1.1)		-0.2	(1.1)		-0.2	(0.2)		0.0	(1.0)
	Costa Rica	-1.3	(2.6)		1.3	(2.6)		-3.0	(1.3)		4.4	(2.2)
	Croatia	-0.1	(1.6)		0.1	(1.6)		-0.7	(1.5)		0.8	(0.5)
	Cyprus	-0.7	(0.1)		0.7	(0.1)		-5.8	(0.1)		6.5	(0.1)
	Dominican Republic	5.4	(2.4)		-5.4	(2.4)		-0.1	(2.7)		-5.3	(2.3)
	Georgia	-3.2	(1.2)		3.2	(1.2)		-2.3	(1.0)		5.6	(1.5)
	Hong Kong (China)	2.1	(0.5)		-2.1	(0.5)		-2.4	(0.6)		0.3	(0.3)
	Indonesia	-5.7	(3.3)		5.7	(3.3)		3.1	(4.2)		2.6	(4.6)
	Jordan	-1.1	(1.6)		1.1	(1.6)		0.0	(1.0)		1.1	(1.7)
	Kazakhstan	-4.3	(1.8)		4.3	(1.8)		1.1	(1.2)		3.2	(1.6)
	Kosovo	1.7	(0.6)		-1.7	(0.6)		-0.2	(0.3)		-1.4	(0.6)
	Lebanon	-1.3	(2.0)		1.3	(2.0)		16.0	(3.3)		-14.6	(3.3)
	Macao (China)	3.0	(0.0)		-3.0	(0.0)		2.0	(0.1)		-5.0	(0.1)
	Malaysia	-0.5	(1.0)		0.5	(1.0)		-0.7	(1.2)		1.2	(1.0)
	Malta	-3.3	(0.1)		3.3	(0.1)		3.3	(0.1)		-0.1	(0.1)
	Moldova	0.8	(1.1)		-0.8	(1.1)		-0.4	(0.4)		-0.4	(1.0)
	Montenegro	0.4	(0.0)		-0.4	(0.0)		0.0	c		-0.4	(0.0)
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	0.6	(0.0)		-0.6	(0.0)		-0.4	(0.0)		-0.2	(0.0)
	Panama	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Peru	6.5	(2.3)		-6.5	(2.3)		-7.0	(1.5)		0.5	(2.2)
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	-0.9	(0.1)		0.9	(0.1)		-5.8	(0.0)		6.7	(0.1)
	Romania	-1.0	(1.6)		1.0	(1.6)		1.4	(1.2)		-0.4	(1.0)
	Russia	1.0	(0.7)		-1.0	(0.7)		-0.6	(0.6)		-0.5	(0.3)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Singapore	-1.1	(0.9)		1.1	(0.9)		-0.2	(0.9)		1.3	(1.6)
	Chinese Taipei	2.2	(1.3)		-2.2	(1.3)		6.0	(2.9)		-8.2	(3.0)
	Thailand	-1.2	(1.6)		1.2	(1.6)		-1.9	(2.1)		3.1	(2.1)
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	-4.6	(1.4)		4.6	(1.4)		13.2	(2.8)		-8.6	(2.9)
	Uruguay	-0.5	(1.4)		0.5	(1.4)		0.5	(0.6)		0.0	(1.5)
	Viet Nam	-0.9	(1.4)		0.9	(1.4)		1.0	(0.9)		0.0	(1.2)

1. Schools that are directly or indirectly managed by a public education authority, government agency, or governing board appointed by a public authority or elected by public franchise.

2. Privately managed schools that receive 50% or more of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

3. Privately managed schools that receive less than 50% of their core funding (i.e. funding that supports the basic educational services of the institution) from government agencies.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.8.11 [1/10]. Quality assurance and improvement actions at school

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following arrangements aimed at quality assurance and improvement are in place in the school:
		Internal evaluation/Self-evaluation									External evaluation
		Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No			Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	54.6	(2.0)		44.6	(2.0)		0.8	(0.3)		82.4	(1.5)		9.1	(1.2)		8.4	(1.1)
	Austria	44.0	(3.6)		51.6	(3.4)		4.4	(1.3)		29.2	(3.0)		16.4	(2.4)		54.4	(3.1)
	Belgium	29.2	(2.7)		63.9	(2.8)		6.9	(2.0)		77.3	(2.7)		11.9	(2.2)		10.8	(2.1)
	Canada	45.0	(2.4)		44.9	(2.6)		10.1	(1.5)		56.1	(2.2)		12.4	(1.8)		31.5	(2.2)
	Chile	23.5	(3.4)		72.1	(3.5)		4.4	(1.4)		63.8	(3.9)		20.8	(3.0)		15.4	(2.8)
	Colombia	62.2	(3.8)		37.2	(3.7)		0.6	(0.4)		77.7	(3.1)		16.4	(3.0)		5.9	(1.7)
	Czech Republic	18.6	(2.4)		77.2	(2.4)		4.1	(1.3)		31.8	(2.6)		31.2	(3.4)		37.0	(3.2)
	Denmark	57.3	(3.3)		33.5	(3.4)		9.2	(2.1)		63.1	(3.7)		10.8	(2.2)		26.0	(3.4)
	Estonia	78.4	(1.7)		21.6	(1.7)		0.0	c		80.8	(1.8)		7.7	(1.0)		11.5	(1.5)
	Finland	54.1	(3.5)		39.9	(3.5)		6.0	(1.8)		43.5	(3.4)		10.4	(2.2)		46.1	(2.9)
	France	32.8	(3.0)		54.4	(3.4)		12.8	(2.4)		49.6	(3.6)		7.5	(1.7)		43.0	(3.4)
	Germany	25.9	(3.1)		61.1	(3.8)		13.0	(2.4)		68.2	(3.1)		9.7	(2.2)		22.0	(3.1)
	Greece	11.1	(2.2)		34.9	(2.9)		53.9	(3.1)		3.8	(1.3)		4.8	(1.3)		91.5	(1.8)
	Hungary	88.1	(2.3)		10.8	(2.3)		1.0	(0.6)		71.4	(3.4)		11.7	(2.4)		16.8	(2.7)
	Iceland	84.5	(0.2)		15.5	(0.2)		0.0	c		84.0	(0.2)		6.1	(0.2)		9.9	(0.1)
	Ireland	80.9	(3.2)		18.4	(3.1)		0.8	(0.7)		81.2	(2.9)		7.2	(2.2)		11.7	(2.3)
	Israel	51.9	(3.5)		45.6	(3.6)		2.5	(1.2)		81.4	(2.9)		7.7	(2.1)		10.9	(2.3)
	Italy	69.5	(2.7)		27.5	(2.6)		3.0	(1.0)		51.2	(3.2)		12.8	(2.0)		36.0	(3.0)
	Japan	61.8	(2.9)		36.0	(3.1)		2.1	(1.3)		51.1	(3.2)		15.4	(2.5)		33.5	(3.6)
	Korea	56.7	(3.9)		42.8	(3.9)		0.5	(0.5)		41.9	(3.4)		26.1	(2.9)		32.0	(3.5)
	Latvia	76.1	(1.8)		23.9	(1.8)		0.0	c		88.7	(1.5)		6.2	(1.3)		5.1	(0.9)
	Lithuania	56.5	(2.0)		43.4	(2.0)		0.1	(0.0)		87.1	(1.5)		5.6	(1.0)		7.3	(1.1)
	Luxembourg	70.6	(0.1)		18.5	(0.1)		10.9	(0.1)		91.8	(0.1)		2.7	(0.0)		5.5	(0.1)
	Mexico	39.5	(3.0)		55.4	(3.1)		5.1	(1.5)		79.5	(2.7)		6.7	(1.6)		13.8	(2.3)
	Netherlands	21.8	(3.7)		77.1	(3.8)		1.0	(0.9)		50.3	(4.4)		37.5	(4.5)		12.2	(3.1)
	New Zealand	52.9	(3.4)		46.7	(3.4)		0.4	(0.4)		97.3	(1.3)		2.7	(1.3)		0.0	c
	Norway	49.1	(3.0)		49.0	(3.1)		2.0	(0.9)		70.4	(3.0)		3.3	(1.0)		26.3	(2.9)
	Poland	70.8	(3.1)		28.7	(3.1)		0.5	(0.5)		95.0	(1.3)		1.7	(0.9)		3.3	(1.1)
	Portugal	43.3	(3.8)		56.7	(3.8)		0.0	c		88.4	(1.7)		4.6	(1.2)		7.0	(1.4)
	Slovak Republic	53.5	(2.8)		40.8	(2.8)		5.7	(1.3)		41.1	(3.3)		17.9	(2.8)		41.0	(2.7)
	Slovenia	37.9	(0.5)		60.7	(0.6)		1.3	(0.2)		25.0	(0.7)		21.8	(0.6)		53.1	(0.7)
	Spain	40.1	(1.8)		50.0	(2.0)		9.9	(1.1)		64.2	(2.1)		14.4	(1.5)		21.4	(2.0)
	Sweden	66.5	(3.2)		31.8	(3.3)		1.7	(0.8)		55.9	(4.0)		10.3	(2.7)		33.7	(3.9)
	Switzerland	35.7	(3.4)		53.2	(4.1)		11.0	(2.5)		58.5	(3.5)		11.0	(2.0)		30.5	(3.0)
	Turkey	62.1	(3.8)		34.9	(3.9)		3.0	(1.3)		60.6	(4.3)		15.4	(2.9)		24.1	(3.5)
	United Kingdom	45.8	(3.7)		54.1	(3.6)		0.1	(0.1)		67.6	(3.5)		30.1	(3.5)		2.3	(1.1)
	United States	61.1	(3.9)		32.4	(4.0)		6.5	(2.5)		68.1	(3.7)		17.0	(3.1)		14.8	(2.6)
	OECD average	51.7	(0.5)		43.0	(0.5)		5.3	(0.2)		64.3	(0.5)		12.6	(0.4)		23.1	(0.4)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.8.11 [2/10]. Quality assurance and improvement actions at school

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following arrangements aimed at quality assurance and improvement are in place in the school:
		Internal evaluation/Self-evaluation									External evaluation
		Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No			Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	85.7	(2.1)		14.3	(2.1)		0.0	c		87.2	(2.2)		9.9	(2.1)		2.9	(1.1)
	Argentina	38.9	(2.8)		52.4	(3.1)		8.7	(1.8)		49.3	(3.0)		6.6	(1.6)		44.1	(3.0)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	46.6	(4.3)	†	52.6	(4.3)	†	0.8	(0.8)	†	49.8	(4.4)	†	19.4	(3.1)	†	30.8	(4.3)	†
	Belarus	36.0	(3.2)		64.0	(3.2)		0.0	c		88.5	(2.3)		6.3	(1.7)		5.2	(1.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	45.7	(3.5)		44.1	(3.4)		10.2	(2.4)		61.8	(2.6)		9.6	(2.1)		28.6	(2.7)
	Brazil	39.4	(2.4)		56.8	(2.4)		3.9	(0.8)		74.0	(1.9)		13.6	(1.3)		12.3	(1.4)
	Brunei Darussalam	40.5	(0.1)		59.4	(0.1)		0.1	(0.0)		86.6	(0.0)		5.7	(0.0)		7.7	(0.0)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	22.0	(2.9)		76.5	(3.1)		1.5	(1.1)		77.0	(3.1)		13.8	(2.2)		9.3	(2.1)
	Bulgaria	59.4	(3.6)		33.8	(3.7)		6.7	(1.8)		92.7	(2.0)		4.8	(1.7)		2.5	(1.2)
	Costa Rica	69.2	(3.0)		26.4	(3.0)		4.3	(1.5)		58.4	(3.5)		13.8	(2.5)		27.8	(3.0)
	Croatia	72.9	(2.2)		22.7	(2.4)		4.4	(1.3)		68.9	(3.2)		11.8	(2.2)		19.4	(2.9)
	Cyprus	19.3	(0.3)		75.3	(0.3)		5.4	(0.2)		72.5	(0.5)		6.9	(0.7)		20.6	(0.8)
	Dominican Republic	46.5	(3.7)		50.4	(3.9)		3.1	(1.3)		65.0	(3.4)		19.1	(2.6)		15.9	(2.9)
	Georgia	48.7	(3.1)		51.0	(3.1)		0.3	(0.2)		58.9	(3.2)		24.2	(2.6)		16.8	(2.4)
	Hong Kong (China)	38.2	(4.4)		61.8	(4.4)		0.0	c		93.5	(2.3)		6.5	(2.3)		0.0	c
	Indonesia	50.7	(4.8)		48.0	(4.8)		1.3	(0.7)		44.9	(4.9)		43.5	(4.8)		11.6	(2.7)
	Jordan	64.3	(3.1)		33.7	(3.0)		2.0	(0.9)		59.5	(3.4)		20.8	(2.8)		19.7	(2.8)
	Kazakhstan	34.7	(2.4)		65.1	(2.4)		0.2	(0.1)		79.6	(2.0)		16.6	(1.7)		3.8	(1.0)
	Kosovo	83.1	(1.5)		16.2	(1.4)		0.7	(0.4)		82.0	(1.4)		8.3	(0.9)		9.7	(1.0)
	Lebanon	31.9	(2.9)		62.2	(2.9)		5.9	(1.3)		35.5	(3.0)		29.2	(2.9)		35.4	(2.9)
	Macao (China)	43.5	(0.0)		50.1	(0.1)		6.4	(0.0)		90.5	(0.1)		7.3	(0.0)		2.2	(0.0)
	Malaysia	66.9	(3.3)		33.1	(3.3)		0.0	c		64.9	(3.5)		24.8	(3.2)		10.3	(2.1)
	Malta	68.1	(0.1)		31.9	(0.1)		0.0	c		97.4	(0.0)		2.6	(0.0)		0.0	c
	Moldova	58.2	(3.7)		41.4	(3.7)		0.5	(0.5)		92.9	(1.7)		4.1	(1.6)		3.0	(1.2)
	Montenegro	80.3	(0.6)		19.7	(0.6)		0.0	c		100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Morocco	59.7	(3.9)		37.2	(3.6)		3.1	(1.3)		75.8	(3.2)		9.3	(2.3)		14.9	(2.8)
	North Macedonia	90.6	(0.1)		9.4	(0.1)		0.0	c		91.7	(0.0)		1.8	(0.0)		6.5	(0.0)
	Panama	74.7	(2.4)		21.5	(2.3)		3.8	(1.3)		46.6	(2.8)		26.1	(3.0)		27.3	(2.8)
	Peru	21.9	(2.7)		73.8	(2.9)		4.3	(1.2)		74.1	(2.6)		10.4	(1.7)		15.4	(2.1)
	Philippines	56.6	(4.1)		41.3	(4.1)		2.1	(0.7)		55.7	(3.6)		37.1	(3.7)		7.2	(1.9)
	Qatar	71.6	(0.1)		28.1	(0.1)		0.2	(0.0)		83.6	(0.1)		15.4	(0.1)		1.0	(0.0)
	Romania	90.6	(2.5)		9.4	(2.5)		0.0	c		81.4	(3.2)		17.1	(3.0)		1.5	(1.0)
	Russia	56.1	(3.0)		43.9	(3.0)		0.0	c		89.5	(1.9)		9.3	(1.8)		1.2	(0.7)
	Saudi Arabia	66.1	(3.0)		33.4	(3.1)		0.5	(0.5)		82.1	(2.6)		12.9	(2.2)		5.0	(1.6)
	Serbia	77.5	(3.0)		21.7	(3.0)		0.9	(0.5)		97.6	(1.1)		2.0	(1.1)		0.5	(0.4)
	Singapore	67.9	(0.8)		31.5	(0.9)		0.6	(0.0)		90.8	(1.4)		6.8	(1.4)		2.4	(0.0)
	Chinese Taipei	53.4	(3.4)		38.8	(3.4)		7.8	(2.0)		80.0	(3.3)		12.8	(2.5)		7.1	(2.1)
	Thailand	83.3	(2.7)		16.7	(2.7)		0.0	c		94.1	(1.8)		5.4	(1.8)		0.5	(0.5)
	Ukraine	49.6	(3.2)		49.1	(3.2)		1.4	(0.7)		88.6	(2.2)		3.4	(1.4)		8.0	(1.9)
	United Arab Emirates	78.8	(1.4)		21.2	(1.4)		0.0	c		86.8	(1.1)		9.5	(0.8)		3.7	(0.7)
	Uruguay	32.3	(3.7)		55.0	(3.7)		12.7	(2.6)		51.1	(3.1)		9.2	(1.8)		39.7	(3.4)
	Viet Nam	85.1	(3.6)		14.9	(3.6)		0.0	c		82.8	(4.0)		4.9	(2.0)		12.3	(3.4)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.8.11 [3/10]. Quality assurance and improvement actions at school

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following arrangements aimed at quality assurance and improvement are in place in the school:
		Written specification of the school’s curricular profile and education goals									Written specification of student performance standards
		Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No			Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	61.3	(2.0)		35.5	(1.8)		3.2	(0.7)		63.9	(1.9)		29.0	(1.6)		7.1	(1.2)
	Austria	45.5	(3.6)		37.7	(3.4)		16.8	(2.1)		39.4	(3.7)		25.9	(3.4)		34.7	(3.2)
	Belgium	61.5	(2.9)		30.3	(2.6)		8.2	(1.9)		30.2	(2.9)		28.8	(2.8)		41.0	(3.2)
	Canada	66.4	(2.4)		23.1	(2.3)		10.5	(1.7)		53.9	(2.4)		29.3	(2.1)		16.8	(1.8)
	Chile	48.9	(3.9)		38.9	(3.6)		12.1	(3.0)		40.6	(4.2)		42.5	(4.1)		16.9	(3.2)
	Colombia	40.5	(3.5)		52.3	(3.5)		7.2	(2.1)		53.7	(4.0)		41.3	(3.6)		5.0	(1.7)
	Czech Republic	73.2	(2.7)		26.7	(2.6)		0.1	(0.1)		63.9	(3.3)		22.9	(2.7)		13.2	(2.4)
	Denmark	49.3	(3.9)		36.0	(3.9)		14.6	(2.6)		57.6	(3.5)		22.8	(3.0)		19.7	(2.9)
	Estonia	60.8	(2.1)		37.1	(2.1)		2.1	(0.8)		28.8	(1.7)		36.9	(1.9)		34.3	(2.1)
	Finland	57.2	(3.8)		23.3	(2.6)		19.4	(2.9)		52.9	(3.6)		11.7	(2.5)		35.4	(3.3)
	France	66.0	(3.5)		18.0	(2.7)		15.9	(2.8)		35.0	(3.8)		11.8	(2.3)		53.1	(3.5)
	Germany	47.4	(3.5)		39.4	(3.8)		13.2	(2.6)		33.2	(3.5)		35.1	(3.4)		31.8	(3.6)
	Greece	33.1	(3.2)		26.3	(3.0)		40.5	(3.3)		27.0	(3.3)		18.9	(2.8)		54.1	(3.8)
	Hungary	90.6	(2.0)		9.4	(2.0)		0.0	c		67.2	(3.5)		26.5	(3.6)		6.3	(1.7)
	Iceland	38.2	(0.2)		51.1	(0.3)		10.7	(0.2)		36.4	(0.2)		55.2	(0.2)		8.5	(0.2)
	Ireland	41.0	(3.8)		43.1	(4.0)		15.9	(3.1)		15.7	(2.9)		47.3	(4.2)		37.0	(3.9)
	Israel	48.4	(3.8)		46.8	(3.8)		4.8	(1.7)		31.5	(3.6)		45.7	(4.3)		22.8	(3.3)
	Italy	33.5	(3.2)		58.7	(3.4)		7.7	(1.6)		13.7	(2.5)		49.5	(3.5)		36.8	(3.2)
	Japan	46.8	(3.2)		48.2	(3.4)		4.9	(2.0)		23.0	(3.4)		41.5	(4.1)		35.5	(3.9)
	Korea	50.3	(4.3)		48.8	(4.1)		0.9	(0.7)		53.7	(3.8)		44.4	(3.8)		1.9	(1.1)
	Latvia	71.5	(1.9)		25.2	(1.9)		3.3	(0.9)		51.3	(2.2)		33.5	(2.1)		15.3	(1.6)
	Lithuania	61.6	(2.0)		35.7	(1.9)		2.7	(0.7)		36.2	(1.9)		46.7	(1.9)		17.1	(1.1)
	Luxembourg	58.2	(0.1)		28.3	(0.1)		13.5	(0.1)		54.3	(0.1)		8.0	(0.1)		37.7	(0.1)
	Mexico	67.0	(2.7)		26.2	(2.5)		6.8	(1.3)		58.6	(3.1)		33.0	(2.8)		8.4	(2.0)
	Netherlands	38.5	(4.0)		53.8	(4.3)		7.6	(2.3)		25.7	(3.3)		44.4	(4.2)		29.9	(4.2)
	New Zealand	54.1	(2.9)		44.4	(3.0)		1.5	(0.8)		38.5	(3.5)		52.4	(3.8)		9.0	(2.3)
	Norway	56.2	(3.4)		29.4	(2.9)		14.5	(2.1)		29.3	(2.7)		59.3	(3.2)		11.5	(2.0)
	Poland	23.6	(2.7)		36.0	(3.5)		40.4	(3.7)		21.1	(3.0)		55.2	(3.2)		23.7	(3.2)
	Portugal	41.3	(3.0)		49.8	(3.0)		8.9	(1.6)		31.3	(2.8)		46.1	(3.6)		22.6	(3.0)
	Slovak Republic	65.9	(2.9)		26.6	(2.7)		7.5	(1.7)		65.8	(2.7)		22.0	(2.3)		12.2	(1.9)
	Slovenia	69.1	(0.6)		23.7	(0.7)		7.2	(0.3)		77.1	(0.6)		17.0	(0.6)		5.9	(0.3)
	Spain	64.0	(2.3)		25.4	(1.9)		10.6	(1.4)		42.7	(2.2)		30.1	(1.9)		27.2	(2.1)
	Sweden	51.5	(3.0)		30.6	(3.4)		17.8	(2.4)		71.9	(3.6)		25.3	(3.4)		2.8	(1.1)
	Switzerland	52.8	(3.3)		26.2	(3.2)		21.0	(3.4)		34.5	(3.1)		18.6	(2.8)		46.9	(3.6)
	Turkey	66.8	(3.5)		21.9	(3.1)		11.3	(2.6)		46.8	(3.8)		36.5	(4.1)		16.8	(2.9)
	United Kingdom	54.7	(3.5)		44.1	(3.5)		1.2	(0.8)		50.1	(3.4)		40.3	(3.4)		9.6	(2.3)
	United States	70.8	(4.0)		24.7	(4.0)		4.5	(1.8)		62.3	(4.4)		27.6	(4.2)		10.1	(2.6)
	OECD average	54.8	(0.5)		34.7	(0.5)		10.5	(0.3)		43.7	(0.5)		34.1	(0.5)		22.1	(0.4)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.8.11 [4/10]. Quality assurance and improvement actions at school

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following arrangements aimed at quality assurance and improvement are in place in the school:
		Written specification of the school’s curricular profile and education goals									Written specification of student performance standards
		Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No			Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	70.4	(2.9)		28.8	(2.9)		0.8	(0.4)		81.1	(2.3)		18.5	(2.3)		0.4	(0.4)
	Argentina	43.6	(2.7)		42.7	(2.8)		13.7	(2.0)		33.4	(3.0)		40.3	(3.2)		26.4	(2.5)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	58.2	(4.5)	†	30.5	(4.3)	†	11.3	(2.7)	†	53.8	(4.7)	†	38.7	(4.4)	†	7.5	(3.0)	†
	Belarus	52.5	(3.6)		40.2	(3.5)		7.3	(1.8)		80.2	(2.7)		10.6	(2.1)		9.2	(2.1)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	54.2	(3.6)		29.3	(3.0)		16.5	(2.5)		45.7	(3.8)		27.6	(3.3)		26.7	(3.5)
	Brazil	65.7	(2.2)		33.5	(2.1)		0.8	(0.6)		61.9	(2.2)		27.2	(2.2)		10.9	(1.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	51.3	(0.1)		46.1	(0.1)		2.6	(0.0)		53.3	(0.1)		40.9	(0.1)		5.8	(0.0)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	54.3	(3.2)		45.1	(3.2)		0.6	(0.5)		21.5	(3.2)		68.7	(3.9)		9.8	(2.4)
	Bulgaria	70.1	(3.5)		22.2	(3.0)		7.7	(2.1)		64.3	(3.4)		20.5	(2.8)		15.2	(2.8)
	Costa Rica	61.6	(3.3)		28.1	(3.0)		10.3	(1.9)		47.1	(3.3)		34.0	(3.4)		18.9	(2.8)
	Croatia	78.7	(3.0)		13.7	(2.6)		7.7	(1.8)		50.8	(3.6)		25.5	(3.2)		23.6	(2.9)
	Cyprus	62.3	(0.7)		25.6	(0.7)		12.2	(0.2)		49.0	(0.7)		33.5	(0.4)		17.4	(0.7)
	Dominican Republic	60.9	(3.5)		30.4	(3.1)		8.6	(1.9)		55.2	(4.1)		34.2	(3.2)		10.7	(2.2)
	Georgia	46.1	(3.2)		50.9	(3.2)		3.0	(1.2)		29.4	(2.5)		59.9	(3.0)		10.7	(2.2)
	Hong Kong (China)	31.0	(3.9)		67.4	(4.2)		1.6	(1.4)		15.8	(3.5)		67.7	(4.4)		16.5	(3.8)
	Indonesia	50.8	(4.6)		46.9	(4.6)		2.2	(0.9)		41.6	(4.6)		50.8	(4.3)		7.7	(2.0)
	Jordan	80.9	(2.9)		16.3	(2.7)		2.8	(1.1)		61.6	(3.6)		34.3	(3.5)		4.1	(1.4)
	Kazakhstan	53.3	(2.7)		45.4	(2.7)		1.3	(0.6)		50.2	(2.4)		48.9	(2.4)		0.9	(0.2)
	Kosovo	63.2	(1.5)		28.2	(1.4)		8.6	(1.0)		60.1	(1.9)		29.4	(1.8)		10.5	(0.9)
	Lebanon	41.5	(3.0)		51.4	(3.4)		7.1	(1.5)		27.7	(2.7)		61.3	(2.8)		11.0	(1.6)
	Macao (China)	36.3	(0.0)		60.7	(0.1)		3.0	(0.1)		32.2	(0.0)		65.8	(0.0)		2.0	(0.0)
	Malaysia	74.5	(3.2)		23.0	(3.2)		2.5	(1.1)		73.7	(3.0)		24.6	(3.1)		1.7	(1.0)
	Malta	54.4	(0.1)		38.6	(0.1)		7.0	(0.1)		25.9	(0.1)		47.4	(0.1)		26.8	(0.1)
	Moldova	63.0	(3.6)		32.1	(3.6)		4.9	(1.8)		60.7	(3.6)		30.7	(3.0)		8.6	(2.1)
	Montenegro	89.9	(0.3)		8.2	(0.3)		1.9	(0.0)		71.4	(0.5)		22.7	(0.5)		5.9	(0.0)
	Morocco	59.4	(3.7)		20.4	(3.4)		20.2	(3.0)		46.7	(3.9)		35.1	(3.3)		18.2	(2.7)
	North Macedonia	80.7	(0.1)		12.7	(0.1)		6.6	(0.0)		55.8	(0.1)		27.6	(0.1)		16.6	(0.1)
	Panama	55.6	(3.2)		37.6	(3.1)		6.8	(1.5)		53.6	(3.3)		37.7	(3.0)		8.7	(1.8)
	Peru	55.0	(3.0)		42.0	(3.1)		3.0	(0.9)		62.8	(3.3)		27.7	(3.0)		9.5	(1.5)
	Philippines	89.3	(2.2)		10.1	(2.3)		0.6	(0.4)		85.7	(2.8)		13.7	(2.6)		0.6	(0.4)
	Qatar	75.9	(0.1)		22.7	(0.1)		1.4	(0.0)		64.5	(0.1)		34.1	(0.1)		1.4	(0.0)
	Romania	73.9	(3.7)		23.1	(3.7)		3.0	(1.2)		58.3	(3.9)		33.4	(3.6)		8.3	(2.1)
	Russia	77.8	(3.4)		21.8	(3.1)		0.5	(0.5)		80.9	(2.3)		17.6	(2.2)		1.5	(0.9)
	Saudi Arabia	77.0	(2.9)		14.3	(2.4)		8.7	(1.9)		54.1	(3.6)		42.3	(3.3)		3.6	(1.2)
	Serbia	85.7	(2.8)		12.9	(2.5)		1.3	(1.2)		79.3	(2.8)		15.2	(2.7)		5.4	(1.7)
	Singapore	44.1	(1.1)		53.7	(1.3)		2.2	(0.9)		40.4	(1.2)		50.2	(1.3)		9.3	(0.9)
	Chinese Taipei	74.0	(2.8)		25.2	(2.7)		0.8	(0.8)		37.8	(3.9)		54.1	(3.8)		8.1	(2.1)
	Thailand	55.0	(3.6)		44.4	(3.4)		0.6	(0.5)		72.8	(3.8)		25.4	(3.5)		1.8	(1.1)
	Ukraine	74.2	(2.9)		13.0	(2.4)		12.8	(2.1)		57.2	(3.1)		36.8	(3.4)		6.0	(1.7)
	United Arab Emirates	66.9	(1.6)		32.5	(1.6)		0.6	(0.2)		61.9	(1.6)		37.4	(1.6)		0.7	(0.0)
	Uruguay	30.4	(3.4)		49.2	(3.9)		20.3	(3.3)		33.4	(3.6)		29.2	(3.1)		37.3	(4.0)
	Viet Nam	71.0	(3.7)		28.7	(3.7)		0.2	(0.2)		64.7	(4.7)		30.0	(4.4)		5.2	(1.9)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.8.11 [5/10]. Quality assurance and improvement actions at school

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following arrangements aimed at quality assurance and improvement are in place in the school:
		Systematic recording of data, such as teacher or student attendance, and professional development									Systematic recording of students’ test results and graduation rates
		Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No			Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	80.4	(1.3)		18.9	(1.3)		0.7	(0.4)		68.9	(2.1)		29.7	(2.1)		1.3	(0.5)
	Austria	56.9	(3.2)		31.3	(3.0)		11.8	(2.0)		59.5	(2.9)		22.1	(2.6)		18.5	(2.4)
	Belgium	52.5	(3.0)		35.1	(2.8)		12.4	(2.1)		35.9	(3.1)		51.1	(3.2)		13.0	(1.9)
	Canada	61.7	(2.0)		24.6	(2.1)		13.7	(1.5)		74.4	(2.2)		20.4	(2.0)		5.3	(1.2)
	Chile	33.8	(3.7)		60.2	(3.8)		6.0	(1.7)		31.4	(3.9)		57.6	(4.2)		11.0	(2.5)
	Colombia	26.8	(2.9)		68.8	(3.1)		4.5	(1.5)		26.4	(3.3)		67.6	(3.7)		6.0	(1.8)
	Czech Republic	41.9	(3.1)		54.1	(3.1)		4.0	(1.4)		26.4	(2.3)		66.7	(2.6)		6.9	(1.7)
	Denmark	57.6	(2.8)		33.2	(3.4)		9.1	(2.0)		76.3	(2.6)		18.2	(2.5)		5.5	(1.4)
	Estonia	30.1	(1.9)		63.7	(1.9)		6.3	(1.2)		29.7	(2.0)		66.8	(2.1)		3.5	(0.8)
	Finland	55.7	(3.9)		21.2	(3.0)		23.1	(3.2)		59.2	(3.4)		22.8	(3.2)		18.0	(2.7)
	France	35.0	(3.3)		42.5	(3.8)		22.4	(3.0)		44.6	(3.6)		44.4	(3.7)		11.0	(2.5)
	Germany	44.8	(3.5)		39.8	(3.5)		15.3	(2.7)		68.4	(3.3)		24.7	(2.9)		6.9	(2.0)
	Greece	52.6	(3.5)		25.0	(3.2)		22.4	(3.0)		37.2	(3.4)		33.4	(3.4)		29.4	(2.9)
	Hungary	66.8	(3.4)		31.4	(3.4)		1.8	(1.0)		55.7	(3.9)		44.0	(3.8)		0.3	(0.3)
	Iceland	41.2	(0.2)		54.7	(0.2)		4.1	(0.1)		48.2	(0.3)		43.0	(0.3)		8.8	(0.2)
	Ireland	51.1	(4.1)		45.0	(4.2)		3.8	(1.2)		31.1	(3.5)		68.4	(3.5)		0.5	(0.5)
	Israel	46.3	(3.6)		51.9	(3.7)		1.7	(1.0)		59.3	(3.5)		37.4	(3.7)		3.3	(1.4)
	Italy	26.1	(3.1)		58.9	(4.0)		15.1	(2.7)		25.9	(2.8)		70.8	(2.8)		3.3	(1.0)
	Japan	54.1	(3.6)		30.3	(3.5)		15.6	(2.7)		34.2	(3.5)		55.3	(3.8)		10.5	(2.3)
	Korea	52.3	(3.9)		42.7	(3.8)		5.0	(1.7)		49.8	(3.9)		44.4	(3.8)		5.8	(1.8)
	Latvia	71.2	(1.9)		28.4	(1.9)		0.4	(0.3)		65.4	(1.9)		34.6	(1.9)		0.0	c
	Lithuania	19.6	(1.9)		79.4	(1.8)		1.0	(0.4)		20.8	(1.9)		73.9	(1.8)		5.3	(0.7)
	Luxembourg	61.6	(0.1)		30.9	(0.1)		7.5	(0.1)		50.9	(0.1)		21.4	(0.1)		27.8	(0.1)
	Mexico	54.0	(3.1)		43.4	(3.0)		2.6	(1.1)		59.3	(3.1)		38.8	(3.0)		1.9	(1.0)
	Netherlands	31.7	(4.0)		60.3	(4.2)		8.0	(2.4)		49.0	(4.2)		50.2	(4.2)		0.8	(0.8)
	New Zealand	48.5	(3.2)		50.5	(3.2)		0.9	(0.6)		43.2	(3.3)		56.0	(3.3)		0.8	(0.5)
	Norway	42.6	(3.4)		43.9	(3.4)		13.5	(2.4)		65.0	(3.4)		31.9	(3.3)		3.1	(1.1)
	Poland	43.5	(3.2)		55.9	(3.3)		0.5	(0.5)		39.1	(3.4)		58.2	(3.5)		2.7	(1.1)
	Portugal	29.7	(3.1)		52.8	(3.4)		17.4	(2.6)		30.2	(3.1)		67.9	(3.0)		1.9	(0.7)
	Slovak Republic	72.5	(2.8)		26.1	(2.7)		1.4	(0.6)		61.3	(2.7)		37.1	(2.7)		1.6	(0.6)
	Slovenia	54.1	(0.6)		41.6	(0.7)		4.3	(0.5)		54.4	(0.6)		41.2	(0.5)		4.4	(0.3)
	Spain	59.2	(1.8)		32.8	(1.7)		8.1	(1.2)		57.3	(2.0)		36.7	(1.8)		6.1	(0.9)
	Sweden	74.2	(3.1)		18.8	(2.7)		6.9	(1.5)		59.5	(4.1)		28.7	(3.5)		11.9	(2.3)
	Switzerland	41.6	(3.6)		42.1	(3.3)		16.3	(2.8)		40.6	(3.6)		33.5	(3.5)		25.9	(3.1)
	Turkey	83.1	(3.0)		12.6	(2.6)		4.3	(1.7)		90.2	(2.6)		9.4	(2.6)		0.4	(0.3)
	United Kingdom	56.4	(4.1)		43.5	(4.0)		0.1	(0.1)		49.2	(3.9)		48.7	(3.9)		2.1	(1.1)
	United States	72.5	(3.9)		26.2	(3.8)		1.3	(0.9)		86.1	(3.0)		13.9	(3.0)		0.0	c
	OECD average	50.9	(0.5)		41.2	(0.5)		7.9	(0.3)		50.4	(0.5)		42.5	(0.5)		7.2	(0.3)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.8.11 [6/10]. Quality assurance and improvement actions at school

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following arrangements aimed at quality assurance and improvement are in place in the school:
		Systematic recording of data, such as teacher or student attendance, and professional development									Systematic recording of students’ test results and graduation rates
		Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No			Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	69.4	(2.6)		28.7	(2.6)		1.8	(0.6)		58.1	(2.7)		41.4	(2.7)		0.5	(0.4)
	Argentina	45.4	(2.9)		39.9	(3.0)		14.6	(2.3)		51.1	(3.5)		38.3	(3.2)		10.6	(2.1)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	32.1	(4.2)	†	63.6	(4.3)	†	4.3	(1.7)	†	59.7	(4.6)	†	38.5	(4.6)	†	1.8	(1.2)	†
	Belarus	65.4	(3.4)		34.6	(3.4)		0.0	c		72.6	(3.3)		24.2	(3.1)		3.2	(1.3)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	53.8	(3.4)		41.6	(3.5)		4.6	(1.5)		50.5	(3.7)		39.1	(3.5)		10.3	(1.8)
	Brazil	53.1	(2.3)		35.0	(2.2)		11.9	(1.5)		47.2	(2.4)		31.4	(2.0)		21.4	(2.1)
	Brunei Darussalam	61.1	(0.1)		36.7	(0.1)		2.1	(0.0)		51.3	(0.1)		47.0	(0.1)		1.7	(0.0)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	16.0	(2.7)		81.9	(2.8)		2.1	(0.9)		28.2	(2.7)		70.4	(2.8)		1.3	(0.8)
	Bulgaria	61.0	(3.4)		35.7	(3.3)		3.3	(1.3)		63.1	(3.3)		35.2	(3.0)		1.7	(1.0)
	Costa Rica	65.3	(3.3)		30.1	(3.3)		4.6	(1.1)		71.2	(3.0)		24.3	(2.7)		4.5	(1.3)
	Croatia	65.9	(3.1)		31.9	(3.0)		2.3	(1.1)		45.0	(3.2)		47.1	(3.4)		7.9	(1.7)
	Cyprus	67.0	(0.4)		30.7	(0.5)		2.2	(0.0)		55.2	(0.5)		38.3	(0.5)		6.5	(0.1)
	Dominican Republic	72.4	(3.5)		26.7	(3.5)		0.9	(0.7)		55.0	(3.4)		40.3	(3.5)		4.8	(1.5)
	Georgia	39.5	(3.1)		57.1	(3.2)		3.4	(1.2)		33.8	(2.9)		62.5	(2.9)		3.6	(1.3)
	Hong Kong (China)	43.8	(5.1)		56.2	(5.1)		0.0	c		21.4	(4.3)		78.6	(4.3)		0.0	c
	Indonesia	51.8	(4.0)		47.1	(4.0)		1.1	(0.5)		52.0	(4.1)		47.3	(4.0)		0.7	(0.4)
	Jordan	74.9	(3.1)		23.9	(3.0)		1.2	(0.8)		75.8	(3.0)		23.4	(3.1)		0.7	(0.5)
	Kazakhstan	27.0	(2.3)		69.8	(2.4)		3.2	(1.0)		56.0	(2.6)		43.9	(2.6)		0.1	(0.0)
	Kosovo	68.3	(1.6)		29.1	(1.6)		2.6	(0.2)		69.1	(1.5)		29.6	(1.5)		1.3	(0.2)
	Lebanon	39.2	(3.0)		56.0	(3.0)		4.8	(1.2)		44.8	(2.8)		54.1	(2.9)		1.1	(0.5)
	Macao (China)	40.8	(0.0)		59.2	(0.0)		0.0	c		27.3	(0.0)		72.7	(0.0)		0.0	c
	Malaysia	75.3	(3.1)		24.7	(3.1)		0.0	c		64.4	(3.1)		35.1	(3.0)		0.5	(0.5)
	Malta	57.6	(0.1)		37.0	(0.1)		5.4	(0.1)		54.7	(0.1)		38.9	(0.1)		6.4	(0.1)
	Moldova	55.9	(3.5)		44.1	(3.5)		0.0	c		48.6	(3.5)		51.4	(3.5)		0.0	c
	Montenegro	55.0	(0.6)		45.0	(0.6)		0.0	c		63.1	(0.6)		36.7	(0.6)		0.3	(0.3)
	Morocco	68.2	(3.8)		25.8	(3.3)		6.0	(1.9)		83.5	(3.0)		16.5	(3.0)		0.0	c
	North Macedonia	66.9	(0.1)		31.1	(0.1)		2.0	(0.0)		68.6	(0.1)		30.4	(0.1)		1.0	(0.0)
	Panama	69.5	(3.0)		27.9	(2.9)		2.5	(1.0)		63.8	(3.1)		32.3	(2.9)		3.9	(1.5)
	Peru	29.0	(2.6)		66.5	(2.7)		4.5	(1.2)		32.9	(2.6)		59.1	(2.5)		8.0	(1.6)
	Philippines	73.7	(3.0)		25.4	(3.0)		0.9	(0.6)		82.6	(2.6)		17.1	(2.6)		0.3	(0.4)
	Qatar	68.3	(0.1)		30.2	(0.1)		1.5	(0.0)		75.8	(0.1)		24.2	(0.1)		0.0	c
	Romania	72.4	(3.7)		27.6	(3.7)		0.0	c		82.3	(3.1)		17.7	(3.1)		0.0	c
	Russia	51.6	(3.2)		46.4	(3.4)		2.0	(1.0)		53.8	(3.0)		43.8	(2.8)		2.4	(1.0)
	Saudi Arabia	75.8	(3.0)		23.3	(2.9)		0.9	(0.6)		85.3	(2.6)		12.9	(2.5)		1.8	(0.9)
	Serbia	64.9	(3.1)		33.2	(3.2)		1.9	(1.0)		53.1	(3.5)		44.0	(3.5)		2.8	(1.2)
	Singapore	61.6	(1.3)		38.4	(1.3)		0.0	c		73.9	(1.3)		26.1	(1.3)		0.0	c
	Chinese Taipei	46.5	(3.9)		51.3	(3.8)		2.2	(1.3)		51.5	(3.8)		46.6	(3.8)		1.8	(1.1)
	Thailand	36.9	(3.5)		61.1	(3.7)		2.0	(1.1)		62.2	(3.7)		37.8	(3.7)		0.0	c
	Ukraine	53.2	(3.6)		45.7	(3.5)		1.1	(0.7)		44.1	(3.5)		46.0	(3.6)		9.8	(2.1)
	United Arab Emirates	59.5	(1.4)		40.1	(1.4)		0.4	(0.2)		72.5	(1.8)		27.3	(1.8)		0.2	(0.2)
	Uruguay	65.4	(3.6)		29.1	(3.5)		5.5	(1.8)		71.3	(3.5)		22.3	(3.2)		6.4	(2.1)
	Viet Nam	62.6	(4.3)		36.4	(4.2)		1.0	(0.8)		62.7	(4.7)		37.3	(4.7)		0.0	c

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.8.11 [7/10]. Quality assurance and improvement actions at school

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following arrangements aimed at quality assurance and improvement are in place in the school:
		Seeking written feedback from students									Teacher mentoring
		Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No			Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	8.8	(1.0)		76.8	(1.7)		14.3	(1.4)		19.7	(1.5)		76.9	(1.4)		3.4	(0.6)
	Austria	28.5	(2.5)		61.8	(2.8)		9.7	(1.7)		9.6	(2.0)		68.3	(3.5)		22.1	(2.8)
	Belgium	5.3	(1.5)		46.4	(2.5)		48.3	(2.5)		11.6	(1.7)		76.6	(2.4)		11.8	(1.9)
	Canada	13.7	(1.6)		45.1	(2.2)		41.2	(2.2)		39.8	(2.1)		45.5	(2.4)		14.6	(1.6)
	Chile	8.2	(2.1)		64.6	(3.6)		27.2	(3.3)		7.4	(2.2)		46.9	(3.8)		45.8	(4.2)
	Colombia	7.2	(2.0)		78.1	(3.3)		14.7	(2.5)		10.8	(2.4)		70.3	(3.2)		18.8	(2.7)
	Czech Republic	2.0	(0.9)		60.0	(2.8)		38.0	(2.7)		1.0	(0.5)		95.3	(1.3)		3.6	(1.2)
	Denmark	17.6	(2.8)		42.6	(4.0)		39.7	(3.7)		8.9	(1.9)		61.1	(3.9)		30.0	(3.6)
	Estonia	7.4	(0.8)		78.0	(1.7)		14.6	(1.7)		8.4	(1.3)		86.6	(1.6)		5.0	(0.9)
	Finland	11.9	(2.4)		60.7	(3.4)		27.4	(3.5)		8.9	(2.1)		61.1	(3.4)		30.0	(3.0)
	France	5.0	(1.7)		13.0	(2.3)		82.1	(2.8)		19.7	(2.8)		54.2	(3.7)		26.1	(3.4)
	Germany	3.4	(1.4)		49.6	(3.7)		47.0	(3.7)		1.9	(1.1)		26.0	(3.2)		72.1	(3.4)
	Greece	5.3	(1.7)		35.9	(3.6)		58.8	(3.8)		27.2	(2.9)		52.2	(3.4)		20.6	(2.7)
	Hungary	14.0	(2.7)		46.4	(3.9)		39.5	(3.9)		35.8	(3.7)		45.0	(3.7)		19.2	(2.9)
	Iceland	5.8	(0.1)		32.2	(0.2)		62.0	(0.2)		3.1	(0.1)		33.1	(0.2)		63.8	(0.2)
	Ireland	4.7	(1.7)		54.9	(4.1)		40.4	(4.3)		12.4	(3.0)		73.7	(3.6)		13.9	(2.4)
	Israel	9.5	(2.4)		57.8	(3.8)		32.6	(3.3)		32.2	(3.6)		65.0	(3.7)		2.8	(1.2)
	Italy	3.8	(1.4)		40.8	(3.1)		55.5	(3.2)		9.6	(2.0)		27.3	(2.8)		63.1	(3.0)
	Japan	24.9	(2.8)		60.2	(3.9)		14.9	(2.8)		21.5	(2.7)		64.6	(3.5)		13.9	(2.5)
	Korea	49.2	(3.6)		36.9	(3.6)		13.9	(2.8)		12.4	(2.5)		82.5	(3.1)		5.1	(1.9)
	Latvia	15.1	(1.2)		75.0	(1.7)		9.9	(1.4)		9.3	(1.2)		72.8	(1.9)		17.8	(1.7)
	Lithuania	1.0	(0.5)		73.7	(1.6)		25.3	(1.6)		2.7	(0.4)		54.8	(1.7)		42.5	(1.8)
	Luxembourg	0.0	c		9.3	(0.1)		90.7	(0.1)		14.7	(0.1)		44.9	(0.1)		40.3	(0.1)
	Mexico	28.7	(3.1)		46.6	(3.2)		24.7	(2.8)		35.4	(3.0)		28.8	(2.9)		35.8	(3.2)
	Netherlands	12.0	(2.9)		75.9	(3.6)		12.1	(2.6)		4.9	(1.9)		89.0	(2.6)		6.1	(1.8)
	New Zealand	9.5	(1.7)		87.5	(1.9)		2.9	(0.9)		17.2	(2.5)		79.8	(2.7)		3.1	(1.1)
	Norway	27.2	(2.9)		39.1	(3.4)		33.8	(2.7)		16.5	(2.8)		72.5	(3.3)		11.0	(2.2)
	Poland	3.6	(1.3)		73.9	(3.0)		22.4	(2.9)		8.7	(2.0)		85.0	(2.6)		6.3	(1.7)
	Portugal	4.0	(1.4)		66.1	(3.0)		29.9	(3.0)		9.5	(2.1)		68.4	(3.0)		22.0	(2.4)
	Slovak Republic	6.2	(1.4)		62.1	(3.1)		31.7	(2.8)		49.9	(2.8)		27.6	(2.6)		22.5	(2.5)
	Slovenia	3.4	(0.1)		78.0	(0.4)		18.6	(0.4)		21.1	(0.4)		61.8	(0.5)		17.1	(0.4)
	Spain	7.5	(1.1)		66.5	(2.1)		26.0	(1.9)		8.3	(1.2)		25.6	(1.7)		66.1	(2.0)
	Sweden	20.6	(3.2)		59.3	(4.0)		20.1	(2.8)		18.5	(3.3)		71.3	(3.4)		10.2	(2.3)
	Switzerland	12.7	(2.5)		57.8	(3.7)		29.6	(3.4)		12.8	(2.4)		66.3	(3.7)		20.9	(3.0)
	Turkey	45.4	(3.9)		42.5	(3.8)		12.1	(2.6)		15.3	(2.5)		57.7	(3.7)		27.0	(3.5)
	United Kingdom	5.5	(1.6)		75.7	(3.1)		18.8	(3.0)		11.4	(2.2)		85.5	(2.5)		3.1	(1.2)
	United States	23.9	(3.2)		39.5	(4.5)		36.6	(4.4)		58.5	(4.1)		34.9	(3.9)		6.6	(1.7)
	OECD average	12.5	(0.3)		56.0	(0.5)		31.6	(0.5)		16.7	(0.4)		60.5	(0.5)		22.8	(0.4)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.8.11 [8/10]. Quality assurance and improvement actions at school

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following arrangements aimed at quality assurance and improvement are in place in the school:
		Seeking written feedback from students									Teacher mentoring
		Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No			Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	18.7	(2.1)		76.6	(2.5)		4.7	(1.5)		36.5	(2.6)		63.5	(2.6)		0.0	c
	Argentina	5.6	(1.5)		42.0	(3.2)		52.4	(3.4)		31.2	(2.5)		32.0	(2.8)		36.8	(2.8)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	8.6	(2.6)	†	77.1	(3.8)	†	14.3	(3.2)	†	28.4	(3.9)	†	55.7	(4.2)	†	15.9	(2.9)	†
	Belarus	4.1	(1.3)		72.7	(3.1)		23.2	(3.0)		26.4	(3.0)		73.4	(3.0)		0.2	(0.2)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	7.4	(2.2)		53.1	(4.3)		39.5	(4.0)		54.7	(3.9)		39.4	(3.3)		5.9	(1.9)
	Brazil	13.5	(1.5)		58.1	(2.2)		28.4	(2.1)		13.9	(1.7)		77.4	(2.0)		8.8	(1.3)
	Brunei Darussalam	7.7	(0.1)		78.5	(0.1)		13.7	(0.1)		24.6	(0.1)		74.0	(0.1)		1.4	(0.0)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	8.3	(2.1)		88.9	(2.3)		2.8	(1.1)		7.4	(2.1)		90.0	(2.4)		2.6	(1.2)
	Bulgaria	17.0	(2.7)		53.6	(3.5)		29.4	(3.4)		28.3	(3.1)		46.0	(3.6)		25.7	(3.0)
	Costa Rica	27.2	(3.3)		44.0	(3.6)		28.7	(3.6)		14.6	(2.6)		55.6	(3.8)		29.7	(3.1)
	Croatia	12.2	(2.4)		55.9	(3.7)		31.9	(3.5)		55.6	(3.8)		39.8	(3.6)		4.6	(1.5)
	Cyprus	9.0	(0.1)		36.8	(0.8)		54.2	(0.8)		47.2	(0.7)		47.3	(0.7)		5.4	(0.1)
	Dominican Republic	20.8	(3.2)		72.8	(3.5)		6.4	(2.0)		28.6	(3.6)		52.6	(3.9)		18.8	(3.3)
	Georgia	9.4	(2.0)		76.1	(2.6)		14.5	(2.1)		31.5	(3.2)		32.2	(2.8)		36.3	(3.4)
	Hong Kong (China)	5.3	(2.2)		76.3	(3.3)		18.4	(3.4)		1.4	(1.4)		81.9	(3.7)		16.7	(3.4)
	Indonesia	27.0	(4.1)		65.2	(4.0)		7.8	(2.3)		47.9	(4.5)		50.8	(4.5)		1.3	(0.6)
	Jordan	26.6	(2.8)		62.4	(3.2)		11.0	(2.0)		49.3	(3.5)		50.0	(3.4)		0.7	(0.6)
	Kazakhstan	9.8	(1.4)		83.8	(1.7)		6.5	(1.2)		16.6	(1.7)		82.6	(1.7)		0.7	(0.4)
	Kosovo	21.3	(1.3)		63.6	(1.6)		15.1	(1.3)		27.6	(1.6)		67.5	(1.7)		4.8	(0.6)
	Lebanon	13.8	(2.1)		50.1	(3.2)		36.2	(3.2)		25.5	(2.8)		60.1	(3.1)		14.4	(2.3)
	Macao (China)	7.5	(0.0)		71.8	(0.1)		20.7	(0.1)		17.9	(0.0)		77.7	(0.1)		4.4	(0.0)
	Malaysia	17.7	(3.0)		66.8	(3.4)		15.5	(2.8)		40.7	(3.4)		58.3	(3.4)		1.1	(0.9)
	Malta	10.4	(0.1)		51.9	(0.1)		37.8	(0.2)		37.7	(0.1)		51.9	(0.1)		10.4	(0.1)
	Moldova	11.6	(2.4)		78.9	(3.2)		9.5	(2.3)		19.8	(3.1)		77.0	(3.2)		3.2	(1.2)
	Montenegro	13.0	(0.3)		56.2	(0.4)		30.8	(0.2)		61.1	(0.4)		37.4	(0.4)		1.5	(0.0)
	Morocco	12.5	(2.6)		51.9	(4.1)		35.6	(3.3)		60.7	(3.8)		33.1	(3.8)		6.1	(1.8)
	North Macedonia	25.7	(0.1)		65.7	(0.1)		8.6	(0.1)		83.9	(0.1)		14.7	(0.1)		1.4	(0.0)
	Panama	27.1	(2.8)		61.6	(2.8)		11.3	(2.3)		60.5	(2.7)		37.2	(2.6)		2.3	(1.1)
	Peru	10.7	(1.5)		54.8	(2.9)		34.5	(2.7)		46.8	(2.1)		51.1	(2.2)		2.1	(0.9)
	Philippines	17.3	(2.7)		72.4	(3.3)		10.3	(1.9)		48.2	(3.3)		51.8	(3.3)		0.0	c
	Qatar	43.8	(0.1)		52.3	(0.1)		4.0	(0.0)		65.5	(0.1)		33.1	(0.1)		1.4	(0.0)
	Romania	17.8	(3.5)		74.8	(4.1)		7.4	(2.2)		24.6	(3.6)		63.4	(4.2)		12.0	(2.6)
	Russia	6.0	(1.3)		67.8	(2.9)		26.2	(3.0)		35.1	(3.0)		64.9	(3.0)		0.0	c
	Saudi Arabia	34.6	(3.2)		60.0	(3.5)		5.4	(1.7)		68.8	(3.2)		31.2	(3.2)		0.0	c
	Serbia	14.3	(2.4)		60.9	(3.2)		24.8	(3.1)		69.3	(3.3)		26.1	(3.2)		4.6	(1.3)
	Singapore	9.6	(0.5)		83.3	(1.0)		7.1	(0.9)		31.7	(0.4)		67.7	(0.4)		0.5	(0.0)
	Chinese Taipei	14.5	(2.7)		63.7	(3.4)		21.8	(3.3)		17.7	(3.0)		64.5	(3.3)		17.8	(3.2)
	Thailand	16.9	(3.0)		61.1	(3.6)		21.9	(3.4)		19.6	(2.7)		79.0	(2.7)		1.4	(0.7)
	Ukraine	4.0	(1.3)		57.0	(3.7)		39.0	(3.5)		23.1	(2.9)		72.3	(3.0)		4.6	(1.5)
	United Arab Emirates	24.6	(0.9)		65.4	(1.1)		10.0	(0.6)		39.0	(1.0)		57.3	(1.1)		3.8	(0.3)
	Uruguay	8.2	(2.0)		44.1	(3.5)		47.7	(3.5)		15.3	(2.6)		55.7	(3.6)		29.0	(3.5)
	Viet Nam	26.1	(3.4)		69.0	(3.7)		4.9	(1.8)		30.2	(4.0)		65.9	(4.1)		3.9	(1.8)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Statlink

Table V.B1.8.11 [9/10]. Quality assurance and improvement actions at school

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following arrangements aimed at quality assurance and improvement are in place in the school:
		Regular consultation aimed at school improvement with one or more experts over a period of at least six months									Implementation of a standardised policy for reading subjects
		Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No			Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
OECD
	Australia	20.2	(1.8)		58.3	(2.1)		21.6	(2.0)		27.6	(2.2)		41.2	(1.9)		31.2	(2.1)
	Austria	18.2	(3.0)		43.4	(3.8)		38.5	(3.7)		20.9	(2.7)		24.4	(3.1)		54.7	(3.4)
	Belgium	7.4	(1.8)		41.2	(3.0)		51.4	(3.2)		11.2	(1.9)		33.6	(3.0)		55.1	(3.1)
	Canada	35.6	(2.3)		32.4	(2.5)		31.9	(2.1)		36.2	(2.4)		28.8	(2.4)		35.1	(2.1)
	Chile	6.4	(1.7)		46.2	(4.2)		47.5	(4.3)		10.3	(2.4)		61.1	(3.6)		28.6	(3.4)
	Colombia	9.4	(2.1)		45.0	(3.6)		45.6	(3.3)		22.0	(2.6)		47.0	(4.0)		31.1	(3.5)
	Czech Republic	0.6	(0.4)		27.0	(2.5)		72.4	(2.6)		28.4	(3.0)		57.5	(2.8)		14.1	(2.1)
	Denmark	18.0	(2.8)		30.6	(3.3)		51.3	(3.7)		16.0	(2.7)		55.7	(3.3)		28.3	(3.3)
	Estonia	3.8	(0.9)		44.9	(2.0)		51.3	(2.0)		12.1	(1.2)		65.0	(1.8)		23.0	(1.6)
	Finland	1.0	(0.7)		5.4	(1.6)		93.6	(1.8)		19.9	(2.9)		17.9	(2.9)		62.1	(3.7)
	France	3.3	(1.1)		10.2	(2.1)		86.6	(2.1)		7.6	(1.9)		8.5	(1.7)		84.0	(2.3)
	Germany	3.8	(1.4)		25.2	(3.3)		71.0	(3.2)		28.1	(3.4)		31.2	(3.5)		40.7	(3.6)
	Greece	26.6	(2.6)		53.1	(3.4)		20.3	(2.7)		39.3	(2.7)		24.9	(3.1)		35.8	(3.3)
	Hungary	4.4	(1.5)		16.8	(2.7)		78.8	(2.9)		29.5	(3.1)		20.7	(2.9)		49.8	(3.6)
	Iceland	3.1	(0.1)		28.5	(0.3)		68.3	(0.3)		29.3	(0.2)		62.4	(0.2)		8.4	(0.2)
	Ireland	9.0	(2.3)		60.9	(3.8)		30.1	(3.6)		16.3	(3.0)		41.2	(4.3)		42.5	(4.0)
	Israel	17.0	(2.8)		37.4	(4.0)		45.7	(3.6)		50.3	(4.1)		35.9	(4.0)		13.9	(2.8)
	Italy	0.1	(0.0)		13.3	(2.4)		86.5	(2.4)		2.6	(1.0)		42.8	(2.8)		54.6	(2.6)
	Japan	4.7	(1.6)		9.7	(2.3)		85.6	(2.9)		4.8	(1.4)		28.9	(2.9)		66.3	(3.1)
	Korea	14.3	(2.8)		54.1	(3.6)		31.6	(3.6)		24.8	(3.1)		54.1	(3.9)		21.1	(3.4)
	Latvia	6.6	(1.2)		29.3	(1.8)		64.1	(1.9)		9.4	(0.9)		20.8	(1.6)		69.8	(1.7)
	Lithuania	2.2	(0.6)		21.4	(1.6)		76.4	(1.7)		5.2	(0.9)		25.3	(1.4)		69.4	(1.7)
	Luxembourg	4.7	(0.0)		34.5	(0.1)		60.8	(0.1)		17.9	(0.1)		27.3	(0.1)		54.8	(0.1)
	Mexico	19.1	(2.8)		35.1	(3.2)		45.9	(2.9)		37.7	(2.8)		39.2	(3.0)		23.2	(2.7)
	Netherlands	2.6	(1.4)		63.7	(4.2)		33.7	(4.1)		4.7	(2.3)		48.5	(4.2)		46.7	(3.9)
	New Zealand	7.3	(1.4)		67.5	(3.2)		25.2	(3.0)		9.2	(2.0)		58.6	(3.0)		32.1	(2.8)
	Norway	42.5	(3.4)		37.8	(3.2)		19.7	(2.5)		28.4	(2.9)		30.2	(3.0)		41.4	(2.5)
	Poland	6.8	(1.6)		44.9	(3.4)		48.3	(3.3)		14.2	(2.2)		37.5	(3.4)		48.2	(3.4)
	Portugal	4.5	(1.1)		32.5	(3.5)		63.0	(3.2)		10.5	(2.3)		36.1	(2.9)		53.4	(2.8)
	Slovak Republic	6.4	(1.4)		45.8	(2.9)		47.8	(2.8)		45.4	(3.5)		43.6	(3.5)		11.0	(1.8)
	Slovenia	3.4	(0.1)		22.6	(0.7)		74.0	(0.7)		18.3	(0.4)		32.4	(0.6)		49.3	(0.7)
	Spain	4.8	(0.9)		24.3	(1.7)		70.9	(1.8)		11.7	(1.6)		34.6	(2.1)		53.7	(2.3)
	Sweden	9.7	(2.1)		30.4	(4.0)		59.9	(4.5)		20.6	(3.0)		11.2	(2.1)		68.2	(3.3)
	Switzerland	5.1	(1.3)		28.4	(3.5)		66.6	(3.8)		22.4	(3.0)		19.2	(2.6)		58.4	(3.3)
	Turkey	10.9	(2.1)		44.9	(3.8)		44.2	(3.9)		54.4	(3.9)		31.0	(3.7)		14.5	(2.7)
	United Kingdom	14.6	(2.2)		67.7	(2.9)		17.7	(2.3)		10.1	(2.0)		58.9	(4.0)		31.1	(3.6)
	United States	38.0	(4.3)		32.0	(3.7)		30.0	(3.9)		55.5	(4.8)		34.7	(4.3)		9.8	(2.9)
	OECD average	10.7	(0.3)		36.4	(0.5)		52.9	(0.5)		22.0	(0.4)		37.1	(0.5)		41.0	(0.5)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

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Table V.B1.8.11 [10/10]. Quality assurance and improvement actions at school

Results based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following arrangements aimed at quality assurance and improvement are in place in the school:
		Regular consultation aimed at school improvement with one or more experts over a period of at least six months									Implementation of a standardised policy for reading subjects
		Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No			Yes, this is mandatory			Yes, on the school's initiative			No
		%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x	%	S.E.	x
Partners
	Albania	24.4	(2.6)		61.1	(2.9)		14.6	(1.9)		78.8	(2.0)		18.5	(2.0)		2.8	(0.6)
	Argentina	7.4	(1.4)		32.0	(2.9)		60.6	(2.9)		34.7	(2.8)		39.2	(2.9)		26.1	(2.4)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	14.3	(3.0)	†	48.1	(4.5)	†	37.6	(4.5)	†	45.8	(4.3)	†	45.0	(4.4)	†	9.2	(2.3)	†
	Belarus	31.6	(3.3)		37.7	(3.6)		30.7	(3.1)		65.5	(3.4)		15.7	(2.7)		18.8	(3.0)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	24.8	(3.0)		44.0	(3.0)		31.2	(3.5)		40.7	(3.7)		33.3	(3.4)		26.0	(3.5)
	Brazil	14.4	(1.4)		38.4	(2.4)		47.2	(2.5)		30.4	(2.1)		42.3	(2.5)		27.3	(2.3)
	Brunei Darussalam	46.2	(0.1)		46.4	(0.1)		7.4	(0.0)		52.7	(0.1)		43.6	(0.1)		3.8	(0.1)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	7.6	(2.2)		66.7	(3.5)		25.7	(3.0)		61.4	(4.2)		35.0	(4.1)		3.6	(2.1)
	Bulgaria	20.7	(2.8)		45.8	(3.3)		33.5	(3.5)		60.4	(3.5)		24.1	(3.1)		15.5	(2.6)
	Costa Rica	15.7	(2.7)		34.0	(2.9)		50.3	(3.3)		42.3	(3.5)		22.2	(2.8)		35.5	(3.4)
	Croatia	9.1	(2.1)		34.7	(3.8)		56.2	(3.8)		47.7	(3.7)		23.9	(2.8)		28.4	(3.4)
	Cyprus	17.4	(0.7)		52.9	(0.7)		29.6	(0.3)		74.8	(0.2)		21.5	(0.2)		3.7	(0.0)
	Dominican Republic	29.6	(3.5)		35.8	(3.7)		34.6	(3.3)		49.3	(3.7)		36.7	(3.2)		14.0	(2.6)
	Georgia	15.2	(2.4)		33.8	(3.1)		50.9	(3.2)		30.5	(2.7)		49.5	(3.0)		20.1	(2.7)
	Hong Kong (China)	4.7	(2.4)		37.5	(4.4)		57.8	(4.6)		3.9	(2.0)		75.9	(4.1)		20.2	(4.1)
	Indonesia	26.5	(4.2)		63.2	(4.8)		10.3	(2.8)		40.5	(4.6)		53.4	(4.4)		6.2	(1.8)
	Jordan	35.8	(3.3)		31.1	(2.9)		33.1	(3.1)		48.0	(3.8)		37.2	(3.5)		14.9	(2.4)
	Kazakhstan	20.4	(1.9)		58.8	(2.5)		20.8	(1.9)		66.7	(2.2)		29.1	(2.1)		4.2	(0.9)
	Kosovo	27.3	(1.5)		51.7	(1.8)		21.0	(1.5)		60.9	(1.6)		24.1	(1.4)		15.0	(0.8)
	Lebanon	25.6	(2.3)		46.1	(2.5)		28.3	(2.4)		28.5	(2.6)		53.4	(2.9)		18.1	(2.1)
	Macao (China)	6.6	(0.0)		68.6	(0.0)		24.8	(0.0)		10.4	(0.1)		57.5	(0.1)		32.1	(0.1)
	Malaysia	34.2	(3.4)		54.1	(3.8)		11.7	(2.3)		69.7	(3.6)		26.5	(3.5)		3.8	(1.4)
	Malta	21.8	(0.1)		56.1	(0.2)		22.1	(0.1)		28.0	(0.1)		35.9	(0.1)		36.1	(0.2)
	Moldova	18.5	(2.5)		51.0	(3.5)		30.5	(3.2)		52.3	(3.9)		34.3	(3.2)		13.4	(2.2)
	Montenegro	25.5	(0.3)		37.4	(0.5)		37.0	(0.6)		85.9	(0.4)		13.8	(0.4)		0.3	(0.3)
	Morocco	14.7	(2.7)		23.9	(3.7)		61.5	(3.9)		45.2	(3.4)		12.3	(2.7)		42.5	(3.5)
	North Macedonia	38.9	(0.1)		32.7	(0.1)		28.5	(0.1)		51.0	(0.1)		16.9	(0.1)		32.1	(0.1)
	Panama	28.9	(2.6)		38.6	(3.0)		32.6	(2.7)		30.1	(2.8)		48.3	(2.8)		21.6	(2.4)
	Peru	10.1	(1.6)		35.4	(2.4)		54.5	(2.9)		30.9	(2.6)		35.9	(2.7)		33.2	(2.8)
	Philippines	41.9	(3.3)		55.4	(3.5)		2.7	(1.0)		70.6	(3.6)		26.5	(3.6)		2.9	(1.1)
	Qatar	58.6	(0.1)		33.3	(0.1)		8.1	(0.0)		63.7	(0.1)		31.5	(0.1)		4.8	(0.0)
	Romania	5.8	(1.7)		40.8	(3.8)		53.4	(3.7)		35.9	(3.9)		41.3	(4.0)		22.8	(3.0)
	Russia	20.3	(2.5)		56.2	(3.5)		23.4	(2.8)		74.5	(3.0)		19.8	(2.3)		5.6	(1.8)
	Saudi Arabia	33.5	(3.3)		42.5	(3.0)		24.0	(2.6)		54.4	(3.1)		24.7	(2.9)		20.9	(2.8)
	Serbia	17.2	(2.9)		44.7	(3.8)		38.1	(3.1)		48.7	(3.7)		23.3	(3.3)		27.9	(3.4)
	Singapore	8.1	(0.5)		55.4	(0.7)		36.5	(0.3)		35.8	(0.8)		51.1	(0.9)		13.1	(0.7)
	Chinese Taipei	11.9	(2.6)		41.1	(3.4)		47.1	(3.6)		15.4	(2.5)		57.6	(3.4)		27.0	(3.2)
	Thailand	21.4	(3.1)		63.8	(3.8)		14.8	(2.4)		53.6	(3.8)		37.2	(3.7)		9.2	(2.2)
	Ukraine	31.8	(2.9)		46.4	(3.1)		21.8	(2.4)		59.6	(2.9)		19.8	(2.5)		20.6	(2.8)
	United Arab Emirates	30.9	(0.7)		48.8	(1.5)		20.3	(1.1)		41.8	(0.9)		50.0	(1.3)		8.2	(1.1)
	Uruguay	6.9	(2.2)		19.4	(3.1)		73.7	(3.6)		14.5	(2.9)		26.4	(3.3)		59.1	(4.0)
	Viet Nam	13.6	(2.9)		48.1	(4.6)		38.3	(3.9)		45.4	(4.5)		36.6	(4.6)		18.0	(3.1)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Note: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

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