Trade in value-added

The goods and services we buy are composed of inputs from various countries around the world. However, the flows of goods and services within these global production chains are not always reflected in conventional measures of international trade. The development of measures of Trade in Value-Added (TiVA) addresses this issue by considering the value added by each country in the production of goods and services that are consumed worldwide. TiVA indicators are designed to better inform policy makers by providing new insights into the commercial relations between nations.

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Trade in Value-Added (TiVA) indicators provide insights into:

Domestic and foreign value added content of gross exports by exporting industry
Services content of gross exports by exporting industry, by type of service and value added origin
Participation in global value chains (GVCs) via intermediate imports embodied in exports (backward linkages) and domestic value added in partners’ exports and final demand (forward linkages)
Industrial activity's global orientation, i.e. the share of industry value added that meets foreign final demand
Country and industry origins of value added in final demand, including the origin of value added in final consumption (by households and government) and in gross fixed capital formation (investment by businesses)
Bilateral trade relationships based on flows of value added embodied in domestic final demand
Inter-regional and intra-regional relationships
Domestic value added content of imports

TiVA indicators

TiVA indicators are derived from OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables. These are constructed using statistics compiled from national, regional and international sources according to the 2008 System of National Accounts (2008 SNA), and use an industry list based on the International Standard Industrial Classification Revision 4 (ISIC Rev.4).

The TiVA database is organized in sets of indicators:

Principal indicators (levels and shares)
Origin of value added in gross exports
Origin of value added in final demand
Origin of value added in gross imports
Origin of value added in gross exports by value added origin country and final destination

TiVA indicators are expressed in USD millions at current prices, in the case of monetary values, or as percentages for ratios and shares.

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The 2023 edition of TiVA provides indicators for 76 economies (including all OECD, EU, G20 and ASEAN economies) over the period 1995-2020. Compared to the previous 2021 edition of TiVA, 10 new countries are now included: Bangladesh, Belarus, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Jordan, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal and Ukraine. The industry list now has new codes, to conform to a new standard for all OECD databases with an economic activity dimension, although its coverage remains unchanged with 45 unique economic activities organised in a hierarchy, with aggregates for total manufactures and total services.

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The TiVA estimates for the most recent years should be interpreted with caution. Harmonised national Supply and Use Tables (SUTs) and Input-Output Tables (IOTs) are key inputs in the construction of ICIO tables from which TiVA indicators are calculated. Availability of official SUTs and IOTs is therefore a major determinant of inclusion in the published TiVA database. While some large economies (such as China, Japan and the United States) have already published SUTs for 2020, many countries publish SUTs with a time lag of 3 to 5 years. Therefore, to produce ICIO tables for more recent years, the latest available harmonised SUTs are extrapolated under constraints coming from National Accounts (SNA) time series up to 2020, and further adjusted using Balance of Payments statistics and bilateral trade in goods and services, also up to 2020. An important implicit assumption is that countries’ industry input and output structures in extrapolated SUTs are similar to the structures of the latest available SUTs. This is a reasonable assumption in the absence of global or regional economic shocks. However, in 2020, the COVID pandemic and related lockdowns hit certain activities disproportionally (such as transport; accommodation and food services; arts, entertainment and sporting events) and the timing and the pace of recovery varied across countries and sectors.The magnitude of these changes and the extent to which they affect core TIVA indicators needs to be investigated further. As countries update and revise their annual SNA statistics from 2020 onwards and publish more recent SUTs and benchmark IOTs, a clearer understanding of the economic impact of COVID will emerge and the ICIO tables and TiVA indicators should reflect this.

TiVA country notes

Related publications

See all publications

Working paper

Guide to OECD TiVA Indicators, 2021 edition

28 April 2022
Working paper

Indicators on global value chains

18 July 2017

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